2012年12月英语四级(CET-4)考前押密试卷(7).doc

WhyIntegrityMattersWhatisIntegrity?Integrityisdefinedasadherencetomoralandethicalprinciples;honesty.Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethicalstandardsevenwhenmakinglifeshardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.Butalapseofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?Thus,integritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.RiskyBusinessWeareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocesshasbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecantseetherisksweretaking,wecantmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesntknowtherulesaboutplagiarismmayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercredit,oronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationisunintentionaldoesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnotadefense.ButEverybodyDoesItMostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttheriskstheyretakingbyusingexcuses:Everyoneelsedoesit,Imnothurtinganyone,orIreallyneedthisgrade.Excusescangetveryelaborate:IknowImlookingatanothersexam,eventhoughImsupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthatsnotcheatingbecauseImjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying.Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,andavoidexcuses.Ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwerenotdoinganythingwrong,wecantseetherealchoiceweremaking-andthatleadstobaddecisions.Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudorashamedofyouractions?Ifyoudratherhideyouractions,thatsagoodindicationthatyouretakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.EvaluatingRisksTodecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits(whatsinitforme),andsimplyhaventconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareserious,andmayincludea0onatestorassignment;anFintheclass;SuspensionorDismissalfromschool;transcriptnotation;andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariousandvulnerableposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearentmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.GettingAwayWithIt-OrNotThosewhodontgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesntlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceandindependence:thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecauseitseemseasier.Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidntgetthissimplemessage:HonestyistheONLYpolicythatworks.CheatingHurtsOthers,TooCheatersoftenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractionsdontcountanddontreallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveaprofoundcumulativeeffect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease,andacheatercanencourageothersjustbybeingseenfromacrosstheroom.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,cheatinghurtsothersgrades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheatingpoisonstheclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin.(IfIdontcheat,Icantcompetewiththosewhodo.)Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn,butacheatersays,Imnotinterestedinwhatyouretryingtoteach;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers.Theendresultisablatantanddestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheUniversity,andharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.WhyIntegrityMattersIfcheatingbecomesthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.Ifnot,wecouldntputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonaplane,gotothedentist-thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloanscandal,thestockmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchincidentstakeatremendoustollonournationseconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsavailabletoreducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_.A)stickstothemintheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoothersC)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?A)IthelpstocreateteamspiritB)ItfacilitatescommunicationC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect3.whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtotake?A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.C.sothatwedontbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedontrunintotrouble.4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_?A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentions.5.Whatshouldonedoifhedoesntwishtofoolhimself?A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeoplesadvice.C.Makehisintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_.A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressiveC.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend7.Accordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtrightawaywill_.A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfidentC)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky8.Cheatersatexamdontcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto_9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeoples_10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultof_.Somanypeopleusethecellphonesofrequantlyeveryday,But_47_littleiscertainadouthehealtheffectsofitsuse.Macufacturers_48_thatcellphonesmeetgovernmentstandardsforsaferadio-frequencyradiationomission,butenoughstudiesarebeginningtodocumentapossible_49_inrarebraintumour(肿瘤)：bendachesandbehavioraldisordersinchildrentocauseconeem.Sofar,theavidenceisnt_50_onwhethertheuseofcellphones_51_toanyuncasedriskofcancer.Inanewtrial,researchersasked47yolunteersto_52_inaprojecttomeasureglucose(葡萄糖)consurnptioninthebrainbyscanningthebraintoseehowcellsuseenergy.Forboth50-minutescans,thevolunteershadacellphone_53_toeachear.Duringbefirstscan,thedeviceswereturnedoff,butforthesecondscan,thephoneontherightearas_54_onandreceivedarecorded-messagecall,althoughtheyolumewasmuted(消毒)sothedisewouldntbiastheresults.Theresultsofthesecondscanabowedthatthe_55_ofthebrainraresttothedevicehadhigherralesofglucoseconsumptionthantherestofthebrain.Thestudyowsthatcellphonescanchangebrainactivity,and_56_awholenewavenueforscientificquiry,tuoughitdoesntsayanythingaboutwhethercell-phoneradiationcancausecancer.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)conclusiveI)missionB)contributesJ)participateC)deriveK)particularD)expressesL)providesE)fixedM)regionsF)immenselyN)surprisinglyG)increaseO)switchedH)maintainSectionBAsyouareprobablyaware,thelatestjobmarketsnewsisntgood:Unemploymentisstillmorethan9percent,andnewjobgrowthhasfallenclosetozero.Thatsbadfortheeconomy,ofcourse.Anditmaybeespeciallydiscouragingifyouhappentobelookingforajoborhopingtochangecareersrightnow.Butitactuallyshouldntmattertoyounearlyasmuchasyouthink.Thatsbecausejobgrowthnumbersdontmattertojobhuntersasmuchasjobturnoverdata.Afterall,existingjobsopenupeverydayduetopromotions,resignations,terminations,andretirements.(Yes,peopleareretiringeveninthiseconomy.)Inbothgoodtimesandbad,turnovercreatesmoreopeningsthaneconomicgrowthdoes.EveninJuneof2007,whentheeconomywasstillhummingalong,jobgrowthwasonly132,000,whileturnoverwas4.7million!Andasitturnsout,eventodaywithjobgrowthnearzeroover4millionjobhuntersarebeinghiredeverymonth.Idontmeantoimplythatoveralljobgrowthdoesnthaveanimpactononesabilitytolandajob.Itstruethatiftotalemploymentwerehigher,itwouldmeanmorejobsforallofustochoosefrom(andcompetefor).Anditstruethattherearecurrentlymorepeopleapplyingforeachavailablejobopening,regardlessofwhetheritsanewoneornot.Butwhatoftendistinguishesthosewholandjobsfromthosewhodontistheirabilitytostaymotivated.Theyrewillingtodothehardworkofidentifyingtheirvaluableskills;becreativeaboutwhereandhowtolook;learnhowtopresentthemselvestopotentialemployers;andkeepgoing,evenafterrepeatedrejections.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsdatashowsthat2.7millionpeoplewhowantedandwereavailableforworkhadntlookedwithinthelastfourweeksandwerenolongerevenclassifiedasunemployed.Sodontlettheheadlinesfoolyouintogivingup.FourmillionpeoplegethiredeverymonthintheU.S.Youcanbeoneofthem.57.Theauthortendstobelievethathighunemploymentrate_?A)deprivesmanypeopleofjobopportunities.B)preventsmanypeoplefromchangingcareers.C)shouldnotstoppeoplefromlookingforajob.D)doesnotmeantheU.S.economyisworsening.58.Wheredomostjobopeningscomefrom?A)JobgrowthB)JobturnoverC)ImprovedeconomyD)Businessexpansion59.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutoveralljobgrowth?A)Itdoesnthavemucheffectonindividualjobseekers.B)Itincreasespeoplesconfidenceintheeconomy.C)Itgivesarayofhopetotheunemployed.D)Itdoesntmeangreaterjobsecurityfortheemployed.60.Whatisthekeytolandingajobaccordingtotheauthor?A)EducationB)IntelligenceC)PersistenceD)Experience61.WhatdowelearnfromthepassageabouttheunemploymentfiguresintheUS?A)Theyclearlyindicatehowhealthytheeconomyis.B)Theyprovidethepublicwiththelatestinformation.C)Theywarnofthestructuralproblemsintheeconomy.D)Theyexcludethosewhohavestoppedlookingforajob.Ourriskofcancerrisesdramaticallyasweage.Soitmakessensethattheelderlyshouldberoutinelyscreenedfornewtumorsordoesntit?Whilesuchvigilant（警觉的）trackingofcancerisagoodthingingeneral,researchersareincreasinglyquestioningwhetherallofthistestingisnecessaryfortheelderly.Withthepercentageofpeopleoverage65expectedtonearlydoubleby2050,itsimportanttoweighthehealthbenefitsofscreeningagainsttherisksandcostsofroutinetesting.Inmanycases,screeningcanleadtoadditionalbiopsiesandsurgeriestoremovecancer,whichcancausesideeffects,whilethecancersthemselvesmaybeslow-growingandmaynotposeserioushealthproblemsinpatientsremainingyears.Butthemessagethateveryonemustscreenforcancerhasbecomesoingrainedthatwhenhealthcareexpertsrecommendedthatwomenunder50andover74stopscreeningforbreastcancer,itcausedariotousreactionamongdoctors,patientsandadvocacygroups.Itshardtouprootdeeplyheldbeliefsaboutcancerscreeningwithscientificdata.Certainly,therearepeopleoverage75whohavehadcancersdetectedbyroutinescreening,andgainedseveralextrayearsoflifebecauseoftreatment.Andclearly,peopleoverage75whohaveotherriskfactorsforcancer,suchasafamilyhistoryorpriorpersonalexperiencewiththedisease,shouldcontinuetogetscreenedregularly.Butfortheremainder,theriskofcancer,whileincreasedattheendoflife,mustbebalancedwithotherfactorslikeremaininglifeexpectancy（预期寿命）.Arecentstudysuggeststhatdoctorsstarttomakemoreobjectivedecisionsaboutwhowilltrulybenefitfromscreening-especiallyconsideringtheexplosionoftheelderlythatwillsoonswellourpopulation.Itsnotaneasycalculationtomake,butonethatmakesenseforthewholepatient.Dr.OtisBrawleysaid,“Manydoctorsareorderingthesetestspurelytocoverthemselves.Weneedtothinkabouttherationaluseofhealthcareandstoptalkingabouttherationingofhealthcare.”Thatmeansmakingsomedifficultdecisionswithelderlypatients,andgoingagainstthemisguidedbeliefthatwhenitcomestohealthcare,moreisalwaysbetter.62.Whydodoctorsrecommendroutinecancerscreeningforelderlypeople?A.Itisbelievedtocontributetolonglife.B.Itispartoftheirhealthcarepackage.C.Theelderlyaremoresensitiveabouttheirhealth.D.Theelderlyareingreaterdangeroftumorgrowth.63.Howdosomeresearchersnowlookatroutinecancerscreeningfortheelderly?A.Itaddstoomuchtotheirmedicalbills.B.Ithelpsincreasetheirlifeexpectancy.C.Theyaredoubtfulaboutnecessity.D.Theythinkitdoesmorethangood.64.Whatistheconventionalviewaboutwomenscreeningforbreastcancer?A.Itappliestowomenover50.B.Itisamustforadultwomen.C.Itisoptionalforyoungwomen.D.Itdoesntapplytowomenover74.65.Whydomanydoctorsprescriberoutinescreeningforcancer?A.Theywanttoprotectthemselvesagainstmedicaldisputes.B.Theywanttotakeadvantageofthemedicalcaresystem.C.Theywantdataformedicalresearch.D.Theywanttheirpatientstosufferless.66.Whatdoestheauthorsayisthegeneralviewabouthealthcare?A.Themore,thebetter.B.Preventionisbetterthancure.C.Betterearlythanlate.D.Bettercare,longerlife.Strongemotionalbondsbetweenmothersandinfantsincreasechildrenswillingnesstoexploretheworldaneffectthathasbeenobserved67theanimalkingdom,inpeople,monkeysandevenspiders.Themoresecureweareinour68toMom,themorelikelywearetotrynewthingsandtakerisks.Nowresearchersarediscoveringthatthiseffectcontinuesintoadulthood.A69reminderofMomstouchorthesoundofhervoiceonthephoneis70tochangepeoplesmindsandmoods,71theirdecisionmakinginmeasurableways.Inastudy72onlineinAprilinPsychologicalScience,undergraduatebusinessstudentshadtochoosebetweensafebetsandriskygamblesabondwithaguaranteed4percentyearly73orariskiersto