初一英语语法大串讲刘飞飞.pdf

飞飞老师学习空间 第 1 页 共 42 页 初中英语语法梳理和提高 名 词 表示人 事物 地方 现象或抽象概念等的名称的词 知识梳理 提纲挈领 抓住重点和难点 名词的分类 名 词 类 别 意 义 例 词 专有名词 表示具体的人名 事物 国家 地名 机构 团体等的专有名 称 Jim China Qingdao the UK the Great Wall 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个 体 名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl student factory desk cat country 集 合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总 称 people police team clothes group crew 不 可 数 名 词 物 质 名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water ice pork cheese cotton broccoli 抽 象 名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun healthy happiness courage love care 注 1 专有名词是指人 地方 团体 机构等特有的名称 第一个字母必须大写 专有名词前一般不加冠词 2 有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词 the 但它不大写 3 有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时 则变为可数名词 而且以四上也有了变化 eg beer a beer 一杯 啤酒 work a work 工厂 著作 glass a glass 一个玻璃杯 room 空间 a room 一个房间 名词的数 表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词 1 可数名词有单 复数两种形式 可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 a 或 an 复数形式是在名词后加 s 或 es 名 词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种 规则变化及其读音可依照下表 当名词为 词尾变化 读 音 例 词 一般情况 加 s 在 清 辅 音后 读 s chips jeeps pats clocks 在 浊 辅 音或 元音后读 z boys sharpeners sofas drawers 以 s x ch sh 结 尾的单词 加 es iz watches boxes classes brushes 以字母 o 结尾 的单词 加 s 或 es z zoos photos bamboos tomatoes potatoes heroes 以辅音字母 y 结尾的单词 去 y 变 i 加 es z dictionaries strawberries 以 f 或 fe 结尾 的单词 去 f 或 fe 变v 加 es vz leaves wives halves 以 th 结尾的词 加 s z z mouths paths months deaths 2 可数名词复数的不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 eg man men woman women tooth teeth foot feet goose geese mouse mice 单复数同形 eg Chinese Chinese deer deer fish fish sheep sheep 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词 每个名词都要变复数 eg a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher women teachers 注意 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分 在使用时只有复数形式 eg trousers clothes glasses shorts scissors etc 有些名词从形式上看是复数 实际上是单数 其后的谓语动词要用单数 eg maths phyiscs politics news 3 不可数名词 表示不能计算数目的人或物 称为不可数名词 他们前面不能用 a an 没有复数形式 物质名词和抽象 名词都属于不可数名词 不可数名词一般只有单数形式 但有其特殊用法 同一个词 变成复数形式 意义不同 eg food 食物 foods 各种食物 time 时间 times 时代 green 绿色 greens 青菜 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg hope hopes 希望 hardship hardships 艰苦 物质名词在表示数量时 常用某个量词 of 来表示 飞飞老师学习空间 第 2 页 共 42 页 eg a cup of tea seven pieces of bread several bags of rice 三 名词的所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系 有两种表示形式 一种是在名词后 s 另一种是用 of 表示 的 1 1 一般词的所有格 直接在词尾 s eg Mr Mott s robot children s clothes 2 以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 eg teachers books 3 两人共有的物体 则在第二个名词后 s 如果分别是两人所有 则在每个名词后面 s eg Lucy and Lily s room 指两人共住一个房间 Mrs Green s and Mrs Brown s son 指两人各自的儿子 4 表示某具体场所时 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg the doctor s office Mr White s 2 1 没有生命的事物一般用 of 短语来表示所属关系 eg the wall of the classroom a picture of the bedroom 2 名词的的定语较长时 有生命的事物也可用 of 短语表示 eg a long story of a 50 year old man 双重所有格 eg a friend of his the big nose of Tom s 有些表示时间 距离 国家 城市等无生命的东西的名词 也可以加 s 来构成所有格 eg ten minutes walk today s newspaper 例题解析 举一反三 学的更轻松 1 They got much from those new books A ideas B photos C news D stories 解析 much 是用来修饰不可数名词的 A B D 三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式 C 项为不可数名词 因此选 C 2 I have two and three bottles of here A orange orange B oranges oranges C oranges orange D orange oranges 解析 orange 有两种含义 一种可数名词橘子 另一种是不可数名词橘汁 此题第一空应填可数名词 第二空填不可数名 词 因此选 C 3 Every evening M r King takes a to his home A 25 minutes walk B 25 minute s walk C 25 minute walk D 25 minutes walk 解析 句中的 minute 应该用其复数的所有格形式 只 而不能 s 因此选 A 4 An old wants to see you A people B person C the people D the person 解析 person 与 people 都有 人 的意思 但用法不同 一个人 用 a person 两个人 用 two persons people 泛指 人们 是集合名词 表示复数 the people 指 人民 a people 指 一个民族 应 选 B 5 Help yourself to A chickens and apples B chickens and apple C chicken and apple D chicken and apples 解析 chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡 用作不可数名词指鸡肉 根据词题意应理解为鸡肉 apple 为可数名词 故应 s 因此 选 D 6 Oh dear I forgot the two A room s number B rooms number C room numbers D rooms numbers 解析 room number 房间号码 room 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 类似的还有 my phsics teacher two bus drivers 等 应选 C 7 She has been in Tianjin for ten years Tianjin has become her second A family B house C home D room 解析 family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员 house 指的是房子 住所 room 指的是房间 而 home 指的是家 因此选 C 8 mothers couldn t go to the meeting because they have gone to Shanghai A Mary and Peter s B Mary and Peter C Mary s and Peter D Mary s and Peter s 解析 此句中 mothers 是复数 表示两个人各自的母亲 因此应选 D 9 Li Lei has been to many times this month A her uncle B her uncle s C her uncles D aunt s 解析 此句意为 李雷这个去她舅舅家多次 表示具体场所时 可省去所有格后面的名词 因此选 B 10 He is a success as a leader but he hasn t in teaching A many experiences B much experience C an experience D a lot experience 解析 experience 作 经验 讲时是不可数名词 作 经历 讲时是可数名词 本句中应理解为 经验 因此是不可数名词 排除 A C 又因 a lot of lots of plenty of 只用于肯定句 不用于否定句 因此选 B 11 A classmate of was here ten minutes ago 飞飞老师学习空间 第 3 页 共 42 页 A you B your C your sister D your sister s 解析 此题考查名词的双重所有格 应选 D 12 A group of are talking with two A Frenchmen Germans B Germans Frenchmans C Frenchmans Germen D Germen Frenchmen 解析 Frenchman 是复合词 其复数形式为 Frenchmen German 的复数为直接在单词末尾 S 应选 A 13 The team having a meeting A is B are C am D be 解析 team 是一个集合名词 即可表示复数意义 指整个小组 也可指小组中的成员 表示复数 此题意为后者 因此选B 14 Would you like please A drink Three coffees B a cup of drink Coffees C a drink A coffee D a drink Three cups of coffees 解析 drink 和 coffee 是不可数名词 可以用 of 来表示数量 eg three cups of coffee 当前面加 a 时 则表示 一杯 因此选 C 15 The Great Wall was made not only by but also the flesh and blood of men A earth and stone millions of B earths and stones millions C the earth and stone million of D the earths and stones millions 解析 earth 是不可数名词 因此删除 B D 数以百万的应为 millions of 因此选 A 练习与巩固 熟能生巧 取得好成绩 选择最佳答案 1 Last night there was a food accident The were ill but no were lost A child lives B children life C children lives D child life 2 This is a photo of when they were young OK how happy they both looked A my father and mother B my mother and father s C my mother s and father s D my father s and my mother 3 The new student is in Grade Two A Class Third B Third Class C Class Three D Three class 4 Today is September 10th It s Day Let s go and buy some flowers for our teachers A Teachers B Teachers C the Teachers D Teacher s 5 The market isn t far from here It s only bicycle ride A half an hours B half an hour s C half an hour D an hour and a half 6 What would you like to drink girls please A Two cup of coffee B Two cups of coffe C Two cups of coffee D Two cups of coffees 7 During Christmas people get together and sing Christmas songs for A fun B wishes C interest D thanks 8 Some are flying kites near the river A child B boy C boys D childs 9 After the exam we ll have holiday A two weeks B two weeks C two weeks D two week s 10 They are those bags Please put them on the bus A visitor B visitors C visitor s D visitors 11 How many workers are there in your factory There are two A hundreds B hundred C hundred of D hundreds of 12 What do you think of the the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven It sounds really wonderful A subject B music C book D animal 13 There is not enough in the corner for the fridge A place B room C field D ground 14 comes from sheep and some people like eating it A Wool B Pork C Mutton D Milk 15 If you don t take more you ll get fat A medicine B lessons C photos D exercise 16 My school is about twenty walk from here A minute B minutes C minutes s D minutes 17 Mum I have to tell you A a good news B some good news C some good newes D much good news 18 Which is the to the post office A street B way C road D address 飞飞老师学习空间 第 4 页 共 42 页 19 I stayed at last Sunday A my uncles B my uncles C my uncle s D my uncle s family 20 Maths not easy to learn A are B is C am D were 1 5 CBCBB 6 10 CACCD 11 15 ABBCD 16 20 BBBCB 冠 词 冠词分为不定冠词 a an 和定冠词 the 知识梳理 提纲挈领 抓住重点和难点 一 不定冠词的用法 1 用与可数名词的单数形式前 指人或事物的某一种类 例如 She is a girl Pass me an apple please 2 指某人或某物 但不具体说明何人或何物 例如 A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week 3 表示 一 这个数量 但数的概念没有 one 强烈 例如 We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow I have a mouth a nose two eyes and two ears 4 用于某些固定的词组中 例如 a few a little a lot of 注 用 a 还是 an 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头 二 定冠词的用法 1 特指某 些 人或某 些 物 例如 the photo of the boy 2 指双方都知道的人或物 例如 Where are the new books Jim They are on the small table 3 指上文提过的人或物 例如 Today he is making a machine He wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane 4 用在世界上独一无二的事物前 例如 The sun is bigger than the moon 5 用在序数词或形容词最高级前 例如 The first truck is carrying a few baskets The third one is carrying the fewest of all 6 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 例如 the Great Wall the North Street Hospital 7 用在一些习惯用语中 例如 in the morning afternoon evening on the left right at the end of 三 不用冠词的情况 1 在专有名词前和不可数名词前 例如 China Grade Two Bill Smith milk 2 名词前已有作定语用的 this that my your some any 等代词 例如 The letter is in her pocket I think the shop is closed at this time of day 3 复数名词表示一类人或事物时 例如 My father and mother are teachers I like cakes 4 在星期 月份 季节 节日前 例如 It is Sunday Monday Tuesday etc Today is Mid Autumn Day It is cold in winter 5 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前 例如 Uncle Wang likes making things What colour are Mrs Green s shoes 6 在三餐饭和球类运动的名称前 例如 飞飞老师学习空间 第 5 页 共 42 页 He went to school after breakfast Can you play basketball 注 在某些固定词组中 如 at home by bus go to school 等的名词前不用冠词 例题解析 举一反三 学的更轻松 1 milk is food milk in this cup has gone bad 2 Do you like playing football Yes But I have only basketball 3 Do you know girl on another side of lake 4 There s u and s in work use 5 She says animals cant s live without air either 6 His father who is honest man is teaching in university 7 Which is heavier elephant or horse 8 cold wind was blowing from the north 9 He is always ready to help old and young 10 Greens are traveling in South China 11 Although most of us like to drink beer those who drink most are least healthy 12 Xiaomei saw interesting film last night film was about kind doctor 13 You can have second try if you fail first time 14 Tom went to school as usual but he didn t know his father went to school for a parent meeting 15 knowledge begins with practice 解析 the milk 是物质名词 一般不用冠词 但后面加上一个定语 in the cup 后 使其成为特指 所以需要用 定冠词 the 2 the 球类运动前不用 the 指一个物体要用不定冠词 a 3 the the 特指这个女孩用 the 名词前已有定语 another 4 a an the u 发音以辅音开头所以用 a s 发音以元音开头所以用 an 特指这个单词用 the 5 泛指动物所以不用任何冠词 air 不可数名词 其前一般不用冠词 6 an the honest 发音以元音开头 故用 an 在大学里为 in the university 7 an a 或 the the 不定冠词 a an 和 定冠词 the 与名词单数连用表示种类 8 a 物质名词 coffee food tea fog rain snow wind 等 在表示 一种 或 一场 的意义时 前面要加不定冠词 9 the the 形容词前加定冠词 表示一类人 10 The 姓氏的复数前加定冠词 the 表示一家人 在华南是 in South China 11 the the most 当大多数讲时前面不用 the 后两空均为形容词的最高级 前面要加 the 12 a the a 第一空和第三空都指一个事物 第二空是特指前面提到的电影 13 a the a second try 指的是第二次 14 the go to school 去上学 go to the school 去那所学校 15 具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前 一般不用冠词 练习与巩固 熟能生巧 取得好成绩 一 在空白处填入 a an 或 the 1 Mum what shall we have for dinner Dumplings Oh what wonderful dinner I enjoy it very much 2 PLA was founded on August 1st 1927 3 Kings came to us at noon 4 The scientists from United States live in Ninth Street 5 The doctor to him Take medicine twice day Stay in bed and you ll be better soon 6 September 10th is Teachers Day 7 Mr Black arrived here on Tuesday morning 8 There are four seasons in year first season is spring It is best one of four 9 Some people have been to moon in spaceship 10 China is old country with long history 答案 1 a 2 the 3 the 4 the the 5 the a 6 7 8 a the the the 9 the 10 an a 二 选择填空 A B a C an D the They are living happy life now bag on desk is mine There is empty box on the table Do you like music of the film Titanic On Saturday I stay in bed till 12 00 Browns have been to China twice Don t make any noise in class 飞飞老师学习空间 第 6 页 共 42 页 This is such interesting story that you must listen to it Next week they will go to Australia by air Which is bigger sun or moon Key 1 5 BDCDA 6 10 DACAD 三 在空白处填入 a an 或 the 1 This morning I bought newspaper and magazine newspaper is in my bag but I don t know where I put magazine 2 I saw accident this morning car crashed into tree driver of car wasn t hurt but car was badly damaged 3 There are two cars parked outside blue one and grey one blue one is my neighbour s I don t know who owner of grey one is 4 My friends live in old house in small village There is beautiful garden behind house I would like to have garden like that 1 a a The the 2 an a a The the the 3 A a the the the 4 an a a the a 代 词 知识梳理 提纲挈领 抓住重点和难点 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词 无主代词 反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 连接代词 不定代词和相互代 词 代词的用法 人称代词 人称代词是指人的代词 有性 数 格的区别 表示 我 你 他 我们 你们 他们 请看下表 数 格 人 称 单 数 复 数 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格 第一人称 we me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they them she her it it 人称代词主格在句中作主语 例如 She is my English teacher 宾格在句中作宾语 例如 They don t want me to go there alone Don t worry I can look after her 宾格还可以作宾格 特别是在口语中 例如 Who s that It s me 注意 人称代词 we you they 可以用来表示一般人 例如 You cannot go into the hall with slippers 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅 人称代的主格作表语 一般都在正中的谈话中 表示强调 例如 It was he who took away the necklace 是他拿走了那条项链 人称代词 she 可以用指代祖国 大地 月亮 轮船等 例如 The ship is leaving She s on her first trip to Boston 轮船要起航了 这时她第一次去波士顿 We love our country we hope she ll be stronger and stronger 我们热爱我们的祖国 我们希望她越来越强大 It 作为人称代词时 可以表示天气 距离 时间 环境等 例如 It is about 10 kilometres from here 离这儿大约有 10 公里 It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语 来代替由不定式 动词的 ing 形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语 以 避免句子头重脚轻 例如 It is not easy to learn English well It is good for you taking a walk after supper I found it difficult to sleep 英语里当主语是并列的几个人时 人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同 I 在最后 you 在最前 但是 当受到 批评或时承认错误时正好相反 I 在最前 you 在最后 例如 You he and I are all the winners I Li lei and you are wrong We should do more for the project 2 物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词 物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词 词 义 类 型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他 她 它们的 飞飞老师学习空间 第 7 页 共 42 页 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their 名 词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征 在句中作定语 后面跟名词 例如 To our surprise he has passed the exam 2 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征 在句中作主语 表语 宾语 例如 May I use your bike Mine is at school 作主语 Whose glasses are these They are hers 作表语 My dictionary is lost Can I use yours 作宾语 3 名词性物主代词可以与 of 连用 作定语 例如 A friend of ours are waiting for us 3 反身带词 用来表示 某人自己 的代词称为反身代词 如下表所示 词 义 数 我 们 自己 你 们 自己 他 她 它 自 己 他 们 自 己 单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves 1 反身代词在句中常用宾语 主语或宾语的同位语 例如 Her sister is too young to dress herself 作宾语 He himself is always making such mistakes 主语同位语 You d better ask your wife herself 宾语同位语 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配 例如 make oneself at home teach oneself learn by oneself help oneself to etc 4 指示代词 表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词 见下表 这 这个 那 那个 这些 那些 this that these those 指示代词可在句中作主语 宾语 表语 定语等 例如 Those are my parents 作主语 Throw it like that 作表语 The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket 作表语 These pictures are drawn by an old blind man 作定语 注意 1 前面刚刚提到过的东西 常用 that those 表示 例如 I m sorry to hear that 2 下文将要提到的事情 可用 these this 表示 起启下的作用 例如 Tell the children to do like this knock the stick into the earth first then tie the tree to it 5 疑问代词 用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词 常用的有 who what which whose whom 在句中常作主语 宾语 定语 表语 作主语 What make you so happy 作宾语 Who Whom is your manager talking with 在口语中 作宾语时 who 和 whom 可以通用 但在介词后面只能用 whom 例如 About whom they are talking just now 作定语 Which subject do you like best 作表语 What s your mother 6 相互代词 用于表示相互关系的代词 常用的有 each other one another 相互代词可以作宾语 定语 例如 We should help each other The villagers have looked after one another these year 相互代词后可以加 s 表示所有关系 例如 We put the presents in each other s stocking 7 连接代词 用来连接宾语从句 表语从句 主语从句的代词叫连接代词 常用的有 what which who whom whose that 例如 I know what he said at the meeting The problem is who will mend it Could you tell me which is the way to the post office 8 不定代词 不定代词没有确定的对象 常用的有 all each every both either neither one none little few many much other another some any no 以及由 some no any every 构成的复合词 不定代词通常可以做主语 宾语 表语 定语 而 none 及含有 some an every 的合成代词不能做定语 no 和 every 只 飞飞老师学习空间 第 8 页 共 42 页 能做定语 代词 many few a few修饰可数名词 much little a little修饰不可数名词 both either neither each用于指两者 all any none every another 用于指三者或三者以上 例题解析 举一反三 学的更轻松 This isn t pencil case I left at home A my mine B me my C I my D my myself 解析 此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词 物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况 要做好这类题 就必须熟练掌握这三类 词的用法 应选 A The English novel is quite easy for you There are new words in it A a little B little C a few D few 解析 历年来中考始终将 little a little few a few 作为一个重要考点 要做好这类题 必须明确几点 1 little a little 修 饰或代替不可数名词 few a few 修饰或代替可数名词复数 2 few little 一般表示否定意义 a few a little 表示肯定意 义 应选 D Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning OK I m free today and tomorrow A Either B Neither C Both D None 解析 此类题主要是针对 each every both all either neither none 等不定代词的考查 Both 指两个人或物 all 表示三者或 三者以上 都 它们都表示肯定意义 均与 of 连用 作主语时 谓语动词用复数形式 作定语修饰复数名词 all 也可代 替不可数名词或一个整体 这时谓语动词用单数形式 either 指两者只任何一个 表肯定 表示三者或三者以上中的任何 一个用 any neither 是 either 的否定形式 表示两者都不是 应选 A The population of China is much large than this B those C it D that 解析 在比较级的句型中 经常用 that 指代前面提到过的不可数名词 用 those 指代可数名词的复数 选 D 5 When shall we meet again Make it day you like It s all the same to me A one B any C another D all 解析 any 表示任何一个 选 B He said at the meeting and just sat there silently A something B anything C nothing D everything 解析 此句的意思是 他在会上一言不发 只是静静地坐在那里 根据句意 应选 C Do you know the lady is interviewing our headmaster Yes she is a journalist from CCTV A which B who C whom D whose 解析 先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语 所以应选 B 练习与巩固 熟能生巧 取得好成绩 一 用适当的代词填空 Help to some ice cream girls He came up with an idea at last the idea of was very good Hurry up there s time left There is hardly in the basket it s empty Lili and Coco don t know address Lili has never been to Coco s home and Coco has never been to Lily s home either He is a kind friend that of us like him He have two English novels but he has read of them I don t like the color of this jacket Could you show me one You may take of them they re both good Don t worry goes well here 二 选择最佳答案填空 1 These two books are very interesting You can choose of them A both B each C either D any 2 He had milk but bread for breakfast A many few B much little C few much D little many 3 Is there you want to say A something else B anything else C else anything D else something 4 A are you going to visit B I am going to visit the Palace Museum A Where B What C Why D When 5 One should keep promise A one s own B every C himself D herself 三 完成句子 There s two apples here you can take 任意一个 Lisa has two daughters 没有一个喜欢 traveling 飞飞老师学习空间 第 9 页 共 42 页 所有的 girls like singing To say is 一回事 to do is 另一回事 They keep one black cat and 两只黑的 He has 许多 money but he has 没有 friends Can she speak French 只会一点 他们中很少有人 can talk in Chinese 没人 has been reached farther than the moon We looked at 相互 in great surprise Key 一 1 yourselves 2 his 3 no 4 anything 5 each other s 6 such all 7 neither 8 anothe