研究生英语课后作文.doc

精品文档The relationship of the sense of guilt to moral human behavior.For a long time, guilt has been given a bad name, or rather an assortment of bad names. It seems that guilt is flowing through our society like sticky black tar, clinging to and staining everyone it touches. This goop contaminates our marriages, our children, our ministries, our self-esteem and more exactly, our moral and mental behavior. Consequently, people have always been suggested to lose the guilt and freedom from guilt forever in order to live a life which is expected to be safe, secure, confidential .Actually, what has been pictured is just part of the story of guilt. Guilt in such a case can only be defined as unhealthy guilt. Guilt of this type is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or it persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. Apparently, this persistent guilt feelings are destructive to self-esteem and are a drain on our energies. Guilt, in many other cases can be considered constructive and helpful especially when it can turn out to the engine that fuels us, the conscience and the great civilizer, the internal commandment that helps us choose to be kind to each other and more importantly, the adult in each of us, the parent, the one who upholds the standards. So guilt of this type should belong to the healthy guilt. When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may lead to unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. Feeling guilty that you caused the consequences is unhealthy guilt. The decision was made with proper advice and with good intent and the person remains morally right in having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt. It is a good distressful feeling which keeps us from violating our own values. It serves a useful function.As what has been explicated by Ellen Goodman in this article, guilt represents the noblest and most painful of struggles between us and ourselves and can be applied to modify our behavior because to be without guilt is to be without a conscience. So keep in your mind that feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about.The importance of spiritual civilization on material civilization.We cant neglect the wonderful advances which is also referred to as material civilization that had been made in science and technology. But we still have to bear in mind the fact that without equal advances in spiritual civilization, material civilization would lead to trouble, because in material civilization, good and evil advance together and maintain at the same pace.We can take the material progress of mankind in the previous decades for example. Evidently, hand in hand with the development of science and technology is the correspondingly increased invention and production of means and weapons for human destruction. In early days the weapon of war was the sword; now it is the magazine rifle. Among the ancients, men fought with javelins and daggers; now they employ bombs, nuclear, and biological weapons. In a word, it is true that we benefit from technology, but we also suffer from it, which is the same pattern that can be seen in every area of material advancement.On the whole, material civilization is what happens when we apply our scientific knowledge, and it is in the application and the use that good and evil emerge and it is our spiritual civilization, namely our motivations, our wisdom, and our insight by and large that definitely determine the result. Without the spiritual growth people will be lifeless and will lose a sense of passion for the life experience. In such a case, although physically and mentally alive, they will be spiritually dead.Spiritual civilization, on the other hand, is raised on the backs of those who labor to comprehend spiritual principles, to develop their spiritual nature, and to live accordingly. True spirituality is not something confined to philosophy or idle talk but the spiritual knowledge translated into deeds.In one word, no matter how far the material world advances, it alone cannot establish the happiness of mankind. Only when material and spiritual civilization are linked and coordinated will happiness be assured.On Restrictions of Free Information on the Net.As we all know that we can get access to a large variety of information and resources on the Net, which may include text, graphics, sound files, videos, etc. And many of us take it for granted that we can download, copy, and transmit whatever we need and even reproduce or plagiarize the materials to our advantage without the need of obtaining any permission. Actually such use is a clear infringement of the copyright owners rights under the International Copyright Law and carries with it many serious penalties. While Net is very helpful in our search for truth, we must do it in a legal and morally correct way, say, we should tell others about it. Since the producers of good sites are investing much time and money into producing their content and a unique look and atmosphere for their site and they are producing original material at considerable expense and/or obtaining material from others under copyright agreements, it is wrong to steal from them or to put them in legal jeopardy.On the other hand, in order to protect legal rights of copyright owners, effective and applicable copyrights, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights and laws should be launched and strictly adhered to by the visitors to the website while they are using the site or services. For the individual visitors, we should respect the intellectual property rights of others, and therefore complies with these terms and regulations. Sometimes all we need is just the common sense and the laws of God and man to show our respect for the legal and inherent human rights of copyright owners to control their creative works.How to establish a democratic governmentGovernment is central to our society. An efficient, effective and democratic government is the best guarantor of social justice and an orderly society. Because of this, people all over the world expect a democratic government to rule their country. This puts forward a question to us that how to establish a democratic government? What is a democratic government? In the dictionary definition, democracy “is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.” In the phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” According to its definition, we can easily realize that a free electing system is the fundamental element of a democratic government. Through election, people choose their ideal party to organize a government to rule their country, and the government is created to protect those freedoms that every individual possesses by virtue of his or her existence. Firstly, a democratic government should not restrict the flow of speech and information. Freedom of speech and expression is the lifeblood of any democracy. Citizens shall have the right to debate and vote, to assemble and protest, to worship and to ensure justice for all. Secondly, in a democratic society, citizens shall have the freedom of religion which means that no one can be compelled by government to recognize an official church or faith, for instance, children cannot be compelled to go to a particular religious school, and no one can be required to attend religious services, to pray, or to participate in religious activities against his or her will.Thirdly, a democratic government should protect their citizens basic human rights. It means that people should be treated equally before the law, such as equal rights to employment, to education, to ones own culture or nationality, and to adequate standards of living. Generally speaking, a democratic government is the government which is organized through free election and also is organized to protect their citizens in many aspects. On distance learningIn response to the challenge of providing education for an expanding undergraduate population, one tempting solution is to replace university teachers and classrooms with distance learning technologies like the Internet or cable television. However, I believe that these technologies are best suited as valuable support resources, not as replacements for the traditional face-to-face classroom experience.Admittedly, the Internet or cable television may be more cost-effective than traditional classrooms as means for quickly transmitting information to a large number of students. And, computer-generated standardized tests are a cheap way to assess information acquisition. However, there is much more to teaching than conveying information. Likewise, there is more to learning than a demonstrated ability to pass standardized tests. Teaching just begins with the delivery of information. After that, teaching involves the complex and often spontaneous process of dialogical reasoning about the information at hand. This process includes clarifying, analyzing, evaluating, criticizing and synthesizing information and points of view, as well as creatively and logically exploring alternatives, solutions and new design possibilities. Done well, teaching further provides effective models of rationality and moral responsibility. It is difficult to see how flat technology can replace the human element in these essential aspects of the teaching craft.In the same say, absorbing information is just the starting point of learning. To learn is also to develop habits of careful, critical and creative thinking about information and to acquire a hunger for learning more. Moreover, learning is fundamental to a persons emerging rational autonomy and sense of moral responsibility to others, these dispositional aspects of learning are difficult to foster in technical packages or to assess; nonetheless they are at the heart of what learning is supposed to produce: educated persons. In conclusion, I believe that distance learning technologies are best used as efficient supplements to teaching and learning. We cannot think that technology will make a good substitute for the classroom without relying on the unlikely assumption that students are effective autodidacts, and can develop educated dispositions and habits of mind in the absence of teachers and mentors. This assumption, I fear, would effectively reduce education to unreflective training.The idea that government should regulate intellectual property through copyrightsand patents is relatively recent in human history, and the precise details of what intellectual property is protected for how long vary acrossnations and occasionally change. There are two standard sociological justifications for patents or copyrights: they reward creators for their labor, and they encourage greater creativity. Both of these are empirical claims that can be tested scientifically and could be false in some realms. Consider music.Star performers existed before the 20th century, such as Franz List and Niccolo Paganini, but mass media produced a celbrity system promoting a few stars whose music was not necessarily the best or most diverse. 政府应该通过版权和专利权控制知识产权的想法，在人类历史上还是相对较近的事情。知识产权的准确细节像什么事知识产权，它的保护需要多久，在国家之间是不同的，偶然还会发生变化。从社会学的角度出发，对于保护版权和专利有两个权威的理由：一个是，版权和专利是对创造者所付出的劳动的奖励；两一个是，版权和专利鼓励创造者进行更多的创造。这两个理由都是实证性的主张，可以科学地进行验证，而在一些领域也可能是错误的。就音乐而言，20世纪以前就有了明星表演家。例如法郎兹李斯特和尼古拉帕格尼。但是大众传媒制作了名流方式，提升那些音乐并不是最好的、最多样的明星。1.作为成名的代价， 明星们尤其容易受到批评的攻击，因为人们总是对他们期望更高As the cost of being famous, stars are particularly vulnerable to be criticized, because they are always highly expected 2.这本书以尖锐的视角展示了中产阶级的非洲裔美国人的国内生活，以及奴隶制与种族歧视的残余影响。This book provides a sharp look at the domestic lives of middle-class African Americans and the residual impacts of slavery and racial discrimination. 3.那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地的居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocates that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction. 4.这为傲慢的年轻人太挑剔了，他对这本小说中的任何人物角色都难以认同。The arrogant young man is so fastidious that he found it hard to identify with any of the characters in this novel. 5.每个人的一生中都会有一些失败，但整天生活在痛苦中是没有用的，只有正视现实、仔细分析失败原因才有可能取得成功。There is failure in everyo