四级英语应试作文写作.doc

应试作文写作基本步骤1. 审题 （1分钟） a.确定文章主题，抓住其中心和范围 b.确定文章题材（议论文，记叙文，说明文，应用文）2.构思 mind-mapping (2分钟） 写下与主题相关的观点，词汇或句型3. 提纲 outline (3分钟） a.分成几段 b.每段的主题（注意是否有重复，及各主题之间的过渡） c.每段的展开方式 （定义，说理，举例，分类）4. 正式写作 （20分钟） 其中应注意 a.如果能记住固定句型，搭配及相关作文模板，尽可能的使用 b.表达以清楚直接为第一要素，尽量避免语法和拼写错误，如遇到不会表达的地方，更换说法或跳过 c.尽可能按提纲思路写作，如中途需进行修改，一定要注意文章的连贯性和逻辑性 d.在确保无语法错误的情况下，尽可能多的使用复杂句型，如倒装，复合，强调等，在单词选用上也 应注意避免重复，如重要的important (vital, essential, fundamental），优秀的，excellent (outstanding, distinguished）5. 检查修改(5分钟）a.是否围绕主题b.每段中是否有主题句及过渡句c.语言错误 时态一致，主谓一致，称谓统一，句子是否完整及拼写等常见作文类型1. 议论文 2. 说明文3. 记叙文4. 描写文 （图表描写，人物描写，步骤描写，空间描写）5. 应用文 （书信，商务信函）一书信常见的四级书信类作文有：求职信, 感谢信通知式书信以及其他。又以前两种的考察频率较高。在书信体作文中，尤其应注意格式。常见的抬头：Respectable/Distinguished Professor,Dear Sirs, 用于不知道收信人的具体姓名常见的开头用语I am writing you to inform/tell you of/thatI am writing to apply for the job vacancy you advertised in China Daily. I am wring to express my gratitude for your help.I am pleased/delighted to learn that常见的结束语（相当与汉语中的此致敬礼）Best wishes.Sincerely yoursTruly yours With all my regards若要表达盼望其回复I look forward to fearing from you.Your early reply will be highly appreciated. 及时回复为盼1 求职信只要注意题目要求中所包含的各项内容和格式，就没有太大的问题了。Ps: 结尾还可以加上“随信复上照片及简历”Enclosed you can find a copy of my photo and resume. 2. 感谢信 感谢信通常是对某事表示谢意，所以题目设置上经常要求将该事件描写出来，所以通常与记叙文相结合。3. 其他 eg. 01年6月 表示欢迎/提出对度假安排的建议/提醒应注意的事项 （讨论）在书信写作当中一定要区分清楚是正式还是非正式，以便在谴词用句上注意语气的把握二描写文 描写文的主要目的是使读者能够“看到”所描写的人或物，依次协作过程当中应突出其主要特征。描写文范围很广泛：人物，空间，场景，心理等，与我们考试联系较为紧密的通常是图表描写和步骤描写，通常融入议论文中进行考察。1. 空间描写 常用句型:To the right/left 靠左/右边, 有At the far end of , you can find/see 在的远端,你可以看到As soon as you enter, will greet your eyes. 一走进, 迎面而来的是This will lead you to 接着, 你将看到At the back of is 在的后面是 is situated in the center of 坐落在eg. My Dormitory2. 步骤描写 (关键在连接词)常用句型:The first thing to do is 首先要做的事情是Having been through with this step, you may完成这一步后，就可以Whats next is下一步骤是As long as you follow these steps strictly, you will certainly 只要严格遵守以下步骤,你肯定能The last thing you have to do is 最后要做的是Do not panic in case the step did not work well enough.假如不太顺利,不必惊慌.eg. How to Apply for a Job?As long as you abide by the following steps, the matter will be quite easy.The first and foremost thing for you to do is .After accomplishing this, you could2. 图表描写要求看懂图表含义,描写其显示内容,然后进行相应的分析和概括,或对其趋势进行预测,可与多种文体结合,灵活性很大. 在写作时要注意不能简单逐一翻译图表中数据,同时区分出数据的主次关系.其常见命题方式为: 给出图表,要求描写图表内容/分析图表所表现的问题或规律/结论或趋势预测.常用句型:a. 引出数据From the chart/table/diagram/graph, we can seeThe chart shows/displays/indicates/reflects/revealsAs can be seen from the chartIt is clear/apparent/obvious from the chart thatb. 静态数据或数据比较 account for/ take up 20% of all.On the top of the list is , which accounts for 70%.At the bottom of the list is , which takes up 20%only.A is ranked first, followed by B at 20% and C at 15%.The figure reached the highest/lowest point in c. 动态数据The number increased/rose suddenly/ dramatically/rapidly/substantially/ considerably/ sharply from toThe ten years from 1990 to 2000 witnessed/saw a steady growth of private car from to The number of private car was roughly/ about/ approximately doubled/ tripled between 1990 to 2000.The number of private car in creased/ rose/ fell/dropped/declined/decreased by 20%. 增长/降低了20%Eg. Student Use of Computers 02年6月下图所示为90年,95年,00年某校大学使用计算机的情况,请描述其变化/说明着些表化的原因(可从计算机的用途,价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)/你认为目前大学生在计算机事业中有什么困难或问题三记叙文记叙文以事件为中心，考察清楚叙述时间的能力，通常以时间先后顺序来写。在细节选取上注意选择能突出主题的，并努力使其形成因果关系，综合起来为主题服务。在考试中很少单独考察记叙文，通常要求对所述事件进行说明和评论，所以经常与议论文和说明文想结合。1. 事件记叙型：要求清楚描绘一件事情，交代清楚前因后果，要注意时态，和动词瞬间性，持续性的区分。（较少考到）eg. An Unforgettable Experience 2. 夹叙夹议型 (重点)：要求在叙述中加入评论和感受，因而重点不必在时间本身，而在其内在意义。因此在对事件描写上不需太过具体，三言两语说清楚之后即展开讨论。 eg. An Eyewitness Account of a Car Accident (03年6月) 要求：车祸发生的时间地点/你所见到的车祸情况/你对车祸原因的分析 （讨论）四.议论文出现最为频繁，命题方式主要有： 1. 提纲式 （给出汉语提示，要求学生论证） 2. 图表示 （给出图表，要求学生描写分析） 3. 情景式 （给出情景，要求学生描述分析）通常要求学生提出观点，并用事实或例子予以论证，然后或下结论，或提出解决方案，或提出希望。所以，考试中结构通常如下： 第一段 观点说明中间部分 观点论证结尾 结论，方案或希望类型主要有： 1. 观点对比型 2. 问题解决型 3. 论证道理型 4. 说明利弊型1. 观点对比型 考试中比较常见类型，最常见考察方式为给出提纲eg. Reading Selectively or Extensively?（99年6月CET4/6） 1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应博览群书 3. 我的看法 具体展开来： 1. 引入部分：引入话题（可要可不要，视具体情况而定） 2. 观点1的内容，产生原因或后果 3. 观点2的内容，产生原因或后果 4.我的 观点，陈述自己的选择并分析原因 （注意：开门见山 Go to the point directly)常用句型1. 引入部分1）Nowadays,has become a heated topic among people. Opinions vary from person to person.今天，已成为人们讨论的热门话题，不同的人对此有不同的看法。2）When asked about different people will offer different answers.当被问及时，不同的人会给出不同的答案。3）Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to whether 如今关于，人们的观点不尽相同。4）The issue of has been widely argued/ debated currently.关于的问题，现在已展开了广泛的讨论。5）There is no consensus of opinions among people concerning over/on/as to关于，人们的看法没有一致的意见。2. 陈述观点11）Some people suggest/ think/ maintain/ believe/ argue/ feel/ hold the opinion that 有人认为/坚持/相信2）some people are inclined to/ tend to think that 有人往往认为3）Many people prefer to think that 4）To most people/ the general public/ the majority of people/, they think 大多数人认为5） Those who hold/ advocate/ are in favor of / are on the side ofbelieve that 赞成的人认为6） Those who criticize/ oppose/ object tobelieve/ maintain that 反对的人认为 3. 陈述观点21）However/ But/ Yet/ Nevertheless/ While other people hold a different point of view. They insist that然而其他人持有不同的观点，他们坚持认为2）On the contrary/ In contrast, there are still many people who do not agree, and they claim/ argue/ believe that相反，许多人并不同意，他们认为3） However, other people prefer 然而其他人更倾向于4） While others think is a better choice. 但其他人认为是一个更好的选择。5）However, not everyone shares the opinion.然而，并不是每个人都赞同这个观点。4.我的 观点1）For my part/ As to me/As far as I am concerned, Id like to agree the former/ latter opinion. 就我而言，我2）I am in favor of / am on the side of我赞成3）From my point of view, I think 在我看来4) In case of myself, I prefer就我而言，我更喜欢5）In my opinion, both sides are partly right我认为双方都有一定道理相关题目：Students Taking Part-time JobsThe Object of StudyMy View on Luck2. 问题解决型常见命题方式为给出提纲或根据图表发现问题，然后提出解决方法eg. Traffic Problems in Cities1. 城市交通出现的问题越来越多2. 城市交通问题的原因所在3.如何解决这些问题 注意：该类型作文重心一般在解决问题上，写作时，必须注意同时分析问题原因及针对性的解决方法，使文章具有连贯性。具体展开来： 1.问题陈述部分：提出问题 2.原因分析部分：提出其产生原因 3. 问题解决部分：提出解决方法或期望常用句型1.问题陈述部分1）Nowadays, has become a serious problem we have to face.2) With the development of the society, more and more people are concerned about the problem of 3）Today, has become an important issue.4) Recently, the problem of has aroused/ captured/ drawn/ caught worldwide attention.5) Nowadays more and more people come to realize the importance of 6）In recent years, many cities/ nations/ people have been faced/ troubled with the serious problem of 7）It is undeniable that has become the utmost concern among people nowadays.2.原因分析部分1) There are several reasons for this problem. First, second, and third.2）The reasons can be listed as follows. For one thing, for another.3) is also partly responsible for the problem.4) There are a variety of reasons for this phenomenon. One important reason is .3. 问题解决部分1) People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. Firstly, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .2) it is high time that we figured out ways to deal with this problem. Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately.3) By doing , we can not only , but also.4) No effective solution is at hand to tackle the problem, but the general awareness of the importance of must be enhanced at first.4. 表达期望部分1) As this problem is very complicated, people can hardly rely on one way to solve it completely.2) We do not have a perfect solution at present, but as long as we do it with our brains and hands, we will resolve the problem eventually.3) I am confident/ sure that a perfect solution will be found in the future.4) I am looking forward to a day when people can live together in more harmony.相关题目：Problem of Piracy (盗版现象日益严重，造成的不良后果，我对抵制盗版的看法）Global Shortage of Fresh Water (人们认为淡水取之不尽，实际短缺。我们应该怎么办）Cheating on Exams (考试作弊的原因，危害，解决办法）3. 论证道理型要求学生对某个道理（通常以格言形式出现）或某个概念进行结实，（通常用例子进行）论证，最后得出结论。eg. Pracitice Makes Perfect （97年1月CET4/6） 1. 如何理解 2. 例如在英语学习中 3. 又如 具体展开： 1. 揭示格言或道理的意义或分析原因 2. 举例说明或用事实证明 3. 结论其中需注意例证的适当性常用句型1. 引出并解释格言部分1）As the saying goes, . I think there is some truth in it.2) There is an old proverb, . It is the experience of our forefathers. However it is still applicable in many cases even today.3) A famous saying goes that . It means that2. 举例或事实论证部分1）Take for example.2) To see this more clearly, lets take as an illustration.3) A good case in point is 4）Perhaps the most well-known/ important/ striking/ interesting example is 5）is frequently quoted/ cited/ taken as an illustration of 3. 结论部分1）From what have been discussed above, we may come to/ draw/ reach the conclusion that2）Taking into account all the factors, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that 3） In a word/ In summary/ In conclusion/ In brief/ In short/ To sum up, it is important/ vital that相关题目：Man Proposes, God Disposes (谋事在人，成事在天）No Pains, No Gains4. 说明利弊型要求学生从正反两方面分析，最后给出自己的看法eg. Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports （92年12月CET4/6）1. 运动的积极因素2. 运动的消极因素3. 我的体会具体展开： 1. 某事物或现象 2. 其优缺点 3.我的态度或看法注意，写作中不能自相矛盾常用句型1. 陈述事物优点部分1）There are several advantages in The first/biggest advantage is that2）The advantages of can be seen as follows. First,Besides3）is playing an increasingly important role