国电北仑三期脱硝工程培训手册.doc

必修一Unit 1ANNES BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would War.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I dont want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.Thursday 15th June 1944Dear Kitty,I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. Thats changed since I was here.For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didnt go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face.SadlyI am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. its no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.Your,AnneFriday, 10 July 1942When we arrived at Prinsengracht, we went quickly upstairs and the hiding place. We closed the door behind us and we were alone. Margot had come faster on her bicycle and already waiting for us. All the rooms were full of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The little room was filled with bedclothes. We had to start clearing up at once, if we wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Mummy and Margot were not able to help. They were tired and lay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “helper” of the family, started at once. The whole day we unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremely tired. We did sleep in clean beds that night. We hadnt had any warm food to eat all day, but we didnt care. Mummy and Margot were too tired and worried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy.FRIENDSHIP IN HAWAIIEvery culture has its own ways to show friendship. On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the language of the Hawaiians who first settled the islands long ago, aloha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with happiness”. Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land, they are ready to love their people or community. This is the second most import sign of friendship. It is called lokahi in Hawaiian language, which means “oneness with all people”. To enjoy the land you should not be selfish. The land is for everyone who lives on it. Today many different people call Hawaii their home. Indeed, Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities. Each person gives kokua (help) to other people so that all fell stronger. Its believed that the islands can be a paradise when the people live in peace. People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea. When problems happen, people are asked to solve them with understanding. So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana (family), they are really talking about all those who live on the islands. Living in peace, Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship. This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friends neck. Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek. Visitors to the islands are also given lies. When they hear aloha, visitors begin to feel at home. Aloha also means “goodbye”, so visitors will hear it again when they leave. It can also mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship.Unit 2THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISHAt the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English begin to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. Look at this kind of example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes. Id like to come up to your apartment. So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD800 to 1150, English became less like germen because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to American. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. during that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTSWhat is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world. Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on the dictionary until he was very old. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western国电北仑港发电厂三期脱硝工程培训手册北京国电龙源环保工程有限公司2008年5月说 明本资料仅供培训使用，培训文件将不作修订，设备资料以厂家提供资料为准，FGD系统移交之后，系统运行、维护及检修等操作以竣工移交文件为准。除厂家设备资料外，本手册内容为北京国电龙源环保工程有限公司版权所有。目录1 概述41.1 原理介绍41.2 主要设计参数41.2.1煤质参数41.2.2 脱硝系统入口烟气参数62 系统的组成72.1 烟气系统82.2 SCR反应器92.3 催化剂92.4 吹灰系统92.5 氨的空气稀释和喷射系统102.6 烟气取样系统102.7 冷却水系统102.8 仪表压缩空气系统112.9 液氨储存蒸发系统113 系统的启动与停止123.1 SCR的启动123.1.1 启动前的系统检查163.1.2 SCR的启动163.1.3 取样风机的启动173.1.4 稀释风机的启动173.1.5 喷氨的投入173.1.6 声波吹灰器的投入183.2 SCR的停止193.3 氨站的投入193.3.1 蒸发器的启动193.3.2 蒸发器的停止193.3.3 液氨卸料203.3.4 氨站运行安全注意事项204安全注意事项及反事故措施214.1 氨站214.2反应器214.3 声波吹灰器211 概述1.1 原理介绍本工程采用“选择性催化剂还原烟气脱硝”技术，其主要化学反应如下：4NH3+4NO+O24N2+6H2O4NH3+2NO2+O23N2+6H2O其反应产物为对环境无害的水和氮气，但只有在800以上的条件下才具备足够的反应速度，工业应用时须安装相关反应的催化剂，在催化剂的作用下其反应温度降至400左右，锅炉省煤器后温度正好处于这一范围内，这为锅炉脱硝提供了有利条件。SCR（脱硝系统）催化剂的工作温度是有一定范围的，温度过高（450）时催化剂会加速老化；当温度在300左右时，在同一催化剂的作用下，另一副反应也会发生。2SO2+O22SO2NH3+H2O+SO3NH4HSO4即生成氨盐，该物质粘性大，易粘结在催化剂和锅炉尾部的受热面上，影响锅炉运行。因此，只有在催化剂环境的烟气温度在305-425之间时方允许喷射氨气进行脱销。1.2 主要设计参数1.2.1煤质参数表11 煤 质 分 析 资 料名 称 及 符 号单位设计煤种 （晋北烟煤1）校核煤种I （晋北烟煤2）校核煤种II （神华煤）工业分析收到基全水分 Mar%9.611.215.55收到基灰分 Aar%19.5022.498.80收到基挥发分 Var%22.8225.1226.50收到基固定碳 FCar%48.0841.19低位发热量 Qnet,arkJ/kg224402049023442哈氏可磨系数 HGI%554855冲刷磨损指数 Ke%2.351.060.84元素分析收到基碳 Car%58.6052.7561.7收到基氢 Har%3.333.533.67收到基氧 Oar%7.287.928.56收到基氮 Nar%0.790.711.12收到基全硫 Sar%0.901.400.60收到基灰分 Aar%19.5022.498.80收到基全水分 Mar%9.611.215.55灰熔融性变形温度 DT111013451150软化温度 ST119015001190溶化温度 FT127015001230煤灰比电阻（测量电压500V）21.5cm1.1810109.40101080cm3.6110111.701012100cm1.8810124.6010126.691010120cm2.2010121.4010134.971011150cm3.810122.5010131.581012180cm1.4810121.9010138.651011灰份数据SiO2%50.4148.7830.57Al2O3%15.7332.4713.11Fe2O3%23.468.6916.24CaO%3.932.8423.54TiO2%1.090.47K2O%2.330.890.78Na2O%0.92MgO%1.270.581.01P2O3%1.67SO3%2.051.9510.31锅炉点火及助燃用油，采用0号轻柴油，油质的特性数据如下：油种：#0轻柴油运动粘度(20时)：3.08.0mm2/s凝固点：0闭口闪点：不低于55机械杂质：无含硫量：0.2%水份：痕迹灰份：0.02%低位发热值Qnet,ar：41800 kJ/kg脱硝系统催化剂适应的煤质微量元素范围表如下表 表1-2 煤质微量元素含量项目单位数值Fppm25Cl%0.018Asppm5Cuppm10Pbppm3Znppm10Crppm40Cdppm0.6Nippm40HgppmMIN1进出口温度MIN2进出口温度MIN3基本启动步骤示意图：启动完成吹灰系统投入自动程序控制氨气压力控制投自动氨气流量投自动氨气制备系统准备就绪液氨蒸发系统开启氨气稀释风机开启保温期冷态启动功能组预热程序初步预热程序温态启动功能组基本停机步骤示意图：收到停机指令待机状态停机状态加氨气动关断阀关闭启动SCR自动停机程序启动停机吹灰程序人工判断是否停运整个氨气制备系统启动稀释风机停机程序启动氨气系统停机程序人工判断是否会在短期内开机3.1.1 启动前的系统检查 系统启动前应首先作好相应的准备工作，启动相关的辅助系统，如工业冷却水泵、空