gmat AWA 5.5模版.doc

AWA 5.5结构模板 AA，结构模板就更为有用了，开头结尾的模板是标准的，中间三段自己写In this argument,the author concludes/recommends that To justify his claim, the author points out thatAdditionally, the author reasons thatFurthermore, the author also assumes that Meanwhile, the author provides evidence thatMoreover, the author cites various other examples that(cites the example of)While the authors argument has some merit优点, it suffers from several critical flaws.To sum up, the arguer fails to validate证实 the conclusion/recommendation that .To bolster 改善加强it,the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate thatIn addition,the arguer should have to rule out(the above mentioned possibilities that would determine the arguers claim). Further more/Additionally, in order to access the argument, we still need more information concerning(To better access the accuracy of the arguers recommendation, it would be useful to know) in addition, to solidify the conclusion, the author should provide concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that大家要记住，中间三段足够了，不用写上四段，因为根据E rater里面的描述，多过三段不会多给分，少过三段会扣分，中间三段，每段可以采取这样的结构，底下给每个部分替代的语言AA 完整开头结尾In this argument, the author asserts/predicts that _.To substantiate 证实this conclusion,the author cites /statistics showing that/ result of a survey that _. The author further bolsters his conclusion by evidence/examples that_.Moreover, it is claimed that _.At first glance, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but close scrutiny reveals that the line of reasoning employed is invalid and hence the conclusion is probably misleading due to several critical logic flaws.In short, the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains,and lack of credibility可靠性in reasoning causes the conclusion to be problematic. (90)In the first place, In the second place, In the third place, To sum up, the author fails to provide adequate justification for this argument.The statistics/survey and evidence/examples cited are not only vague but also incomplete.The logic reasoning is questionable with several mistakes.The absence of essential information on _ results in unsound conclusion.To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide additional evidence to demonstrate that _. Also, further detailed information regarding _ must be presented to show that _.In this way we could establish the conclusion that _. (78)/Unless further information is provided in detail, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence and may distort the facts which lead to the conclusion. in fact, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion on the basis of such limited evidence)Start1.The authors solution rests/relies/depends on the assumptionthat A is the sole cause of B.2.Another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate (Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of thisargument is that)3.The conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while the validity of the survey itself is doubtful4.The author unfairly assumes thatThe authors line of reasoning is thatRebuttal举反例，反驳1.It is absolutely/entirely possible that the other 2.Common sense informs me that such as can hardly. 3.Actually, it is fallacious to reach any conclusion at all in the face of such limited evidence.Conclusion 1.Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to claim that A solely determined B2.Without more concrete information aboutthe authors assumption thatis questionable.3.Because the author fails to account for other interpretations解释,说明, the survey would be useless in concluding that4. unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all /general group, the fact that is groundless to claim that 5.Without accounting for these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily thatis the best way to achieve goals.6.Without the comparison between K to other B, it is fallacious for the author to recommend that Paragraph structure identifiersFirst of all, first and foremost, to begin with, in the first/second/third/fourth place, the first and also the most glaring显眼的logic fallacy committed承认犯错by the author isEven if it were the case that, 即使这是真的the author still commits a fallacy of. Secondly, Furthermore,Besides, Last but not least, Replaceable verbs Concludes that /reaches the conclusion that /advocates that/claims that /asserts that /alleges断言，宣称that/Suggests that/ recommends that Predicts that/ anticipates that/ expects thatArgues that/ claims that/ assumes that/ asserts that/alleges that/ reasons that/Provides/ cites/ points out/ presentsSurvey/poll/ statistics/ study/ statistical evidenceAuthor/ arguer/ the owner of/ the loan applicant Support/strengthen/enhance/ bolster/ 支持/ 增强，强化/corroborateUnconvincing/ unwarranted/ unreliable/ untenable/unfounded/ groundless/ questionable/ problematic/ indefensible站不住脚的/ ambiguous/flawed/ 3实战方法：第一步，先把第一段的废话敲好，此时基本无需动脑，但一定要手快，意在抢时间、凑字数。第二步，略动脑筋，根据七宗罪，写好三段论的总起句。注意：此时不要展开，只写总起句即可！这样可以确保每小段论点明确，且全篇文章论据完整，结构思路清晰。第三步，把中间段落的总起句复述一遍，完成最后一段的废话。此时一篇完整的文章已经基本成型，时间应当还剩余18-20分钟。第四步，看看时间，可以深吸一口气，告诉自己慢慢来。把中间三段逐一展开，把模板里面的话套进去，有时间就多写，没时间就少写，拼拼凑凑，顺利的话，用上十五分钟就可以敲满一整屏了。第五步，检查。（至少可以剩余三分钟）原创AA七宗罪的记忆方法：因、果、证 将七宗罪分类整理了一下，按照论证的原因、结果、论证过程三部分，归为三个类别：1、因就是原因上的问题，有以下三个：可疑调查 样本不足 结论无据 2、果就是结论上的问题，有以下两个：无因果联系 二者择一 3、证就是论证过程上的问题，有以下两个，纵向横向各一个：错误类比（横向）时地全等（纵向）顺便分析一下本月JJ的一篇AA：“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customers main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. / 无因果联系，可能另有他因。 The surest way to increase our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. / 时地全等 Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.” / 结论无据七宗罪第一宗罪：causal oversimplification 无因果联系 1.The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is a fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D. 2.The line of the reasoning is that because B occurred after A (A and B concurred v.同时发生) (there is positive/negative correlation between A and B), the latter event is responsible for the former.However, the sequence of events (correlation between A and B) does not necessarily suggest a causal relationship.Thus, this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is simply the result of D.Moreover, probably B is just a reflection of E, and has nothing to do with A.【Sufficient-(Necessary) 不是唯一原因】The author based his claim partly on the assumption that B is all that required for A (there is no variable alternative means of achieving A except B).Yet the author presented no evidence that supports this assumption.Although B is an important factor for A, it is hardly the only element required (alternative available).【Sufficient 几个原因一起影响A才有效果】If it turns out that A was due to a combination of factors, it would be difficult for A if A is in lack of any of those elements.To be specific, in the case of A, factors such as C, D, E, and B also play a significant role in determining A.(If some of those elements remain unchanged in the future, a mere change in B would have no stimulating impact on A.) 只有B变了A不会有太大改变【Non-causal relationship 没有太大联系】The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. 因果过度简单化【Causal-Effect 因果颠倒】It is possible that the cause has been confused with the effect respecting 关于A. Based on the facts cited, the author concluded that A is responsible for B.However, it is equally likely that A is merely a response to B B happened because A.Besides, the author failed to account for other possible causes of B.For instance, perhaps C is the cause of A or perhaps B is simply the result of D.第二宗罪 样本不足 Insufficient-sample 1.The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. Only one example is logically unsounded 未经探明的to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted. 2.The only evidence provided in support for the conclusion is the fact that _.The most obvious reasoning error in the argument is the authors use of evidence pertaining 与有关系的to A in X region as the basis for generalization about all A. Unless it can be proved that X is typical of all A, the fact that _ is no ground for concluding that A as a whole will experience similar results.第三宗罪: 错误类比 (false analogy ) 1.The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous 相似的to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A., however, B. Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do. 2.The author commits the fallacy of “false analogy”.The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. However, this assumption is weak, since it is highly doubtful that all elements drawn from A are applicable to B. For example, X, Y, Z all affect A, but are virtually实际上in absent in B.Differences between the two clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid.第四宗罪 时地全等 all things are equal 时间变化，论据也比变化The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that. The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. So, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that. 第五宗罪 二者择一 Either-Or choice 1.The author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both A and B might produce better results. Perhaps this solution would be just as effective as, or even more effective than, the A, the proposed plan.就是说文章题目中提到两个方案措施，并且认为他们是互斥的，只能选择其一，但其实为了更能解决问题，两个一起实施效果更好，具体的可以看下面的范文28. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.“Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit companys projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses班车that transport people to the subway stations is below the projected volume. If the transit company expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of parking at the subway stations.” Discuss how well reasoned. etc.In addition, the author assumes that reducing shuttle fees and increasing parking fees are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice. Adjusting both shuttle fares and parking fees might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that parking fees and shuttle fees are the only possible causes of the problem, then the most effective solution might include a complex of policy changesfor example, in shuttle fares, parking fees, rerouting, and rescheduling.2.The author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives互斥的and there is no room for a middle ground.Yet the author presented no evidence that supports this either-or choice.Common sense tells us that implementation贯彻、执行of both A and B may produce better results.Without taking these into account and without ruling out these alternatives, the author oversimplifies the solution and cannot persuade me to accept his claim.第六宗罪 可疑调查 survey is doubtful The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that.would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion. 【调查经常出现的BUG 1、2、3】Survey 【1.对于调查模糊的大模板】The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative.The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. Lacking such information, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. The reason is obvious.For exampleWhen 【 2.作文中经常出现的过去、现在发生的不能代表未来的】When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate 使无效，使作废the generalization一般化，概论.The less recent the survey, the less reliable the results to indicate current situation of A.however，N-year seems too long to.All Else Equal 同2.The author commits the fallacy of assuming “all things are equal”.The author assumed that in the future (in the past two years), the background conditions will remain (have remained) the same at different times or at different locations.However, the author failed to provide sufficient evidence to substantiate this assumption.The current fact (the fact that happened two years ago) that _ is inefficient by itself to convince me that it represents a trend which will remain unchanged into the future (remained unchanged throughout the past two years). Thus it is impossible to conclude that. Who 【 3.受调查的人要有代表性】Respondents may not be representative of A as a whole.People who are interested in the survey may be more likely than others to complete and return their questionnaires.As a result, the example cited,while suggestive of the trends ,(委婉，尽管得出的trends可能有意义)is insufficient to warrant the truth because there is no evidence that the data drawn from this sample is representative of the entire A. 例如汽车杂志买车的问卷说大多数人要买车不一定有代表性！第七宗罪 结论无据 gratuitous不必要的assumption 即假设不一定成立1.The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that. Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibilities.2.The author based his claim partly on the gratuitous assumption that _.However, the author presented no evidence that supports this assumption.Lacking such evidence that links A and B, it is equally possible that _, or that _.Hence, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibilities.AA自创（again，欢迎板砖）：原题：The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum:“On average, 9 out of every 1,000 passengers who traveled on Avia Airlines last year filed a complaint about our baggage-handling procedures. This means that although some 1 percent of our passengers were unhappy with those procedures, the overwhelming majority were quite satisfied with them; thus it would appear that a review of the procedures is not important to our goal of maintaining or increasing the number of Avias passengers.”（39）提供观点：1去年是这样今年呢以后呢？2很有可能是乘客对服务不满意却没时间正式申诉3和别的航空公司比较如何seriousness trivialize1， 没有complaint不代表没有不满。2， 没有跟其他公司对比，同时并不知道总数。In the given memorandum, the argument maintains a view that a review of procedures is not important to the goal of the travel company to maintain or increase the number of passengers. To support this idea, the author of the argument points out that only 9 out of every 1,000 passengers who traveled on A Airline last year were dissatisfied with the baggage-handling procedures. The reasoning process is convincing at first glance, with close examination, however, we can easily find out three logical flaws. Id like to uncover 揭露how groundless this allegation 陈述宣称is in the following paragraphs.【Obviously, the argument commits犯错a logical fallacy called either-or thinking. The argument above assumes that there are only two possible results open to us-dissatisfied passengers who complained about the baggage-handling procedures and satisfied passengers who did not file a complaint. But there is no room for a middle ground. It is premature 过早的to conclude that those who didnt file the complaint were indeed the satisfied customers without any further investigation. What if these individuals had no time to file a complaint or they were unwilling to express their dissatisfaction? If the author cannot provide the relative compelling有说服力的evidences to prove that the customers wh