Groovy轻松入门——Grails实战基础篇.doc

Groovy轻松入门Grails实战基础篇一，搭建Grails环境 0，下载Grails( /grails/grails-bin-1.0.zip，请留意朝花夕拾Groovy & Grails中的“最新版本”提示)并解压到自己指定位置（我的位置是D:DMY_DEVgrails）1，设置环境变量GRAILS_HOME（注意大写），过程与“设置环境变量GROOVY_HOME”相似2，将%GRAILS_HOME%bin添加到环境变量path中，过程与“将GROOVY_HOME目录下的bin追加到环境变量path中”相似（如果只想进行Grails开发，可以不设GROOVY_HOME）二，创建Grails Demo程序 3，打开“命令行”，选择当前目录（我的为D:Tempgrails_apps），在黑底白字的窗口中输入“grails create-app demo”，不包括双引号“”，在您的屏幕中可以看到类似下面的输出结果：D:_DEVgrails_appsgrails create-app demoWelcome to Grails 1.0 - /Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0Grails home is set to: D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0Base Directory: D:_DEVgrails_appsEnvironment set to developmentNote: No plugin scripts foundRunning script D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0scriptsCreateApp.groovy mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemosrc mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemosrcjava mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemosrcgroovy mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-app mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appcontrollers mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appservices mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appdomain mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-apptaglib mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-apputils mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appviews mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appviewslayouts mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appi18n mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appconf mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemotest mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemotestunit mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemotestintegration mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoscripts mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-app mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appjs mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appcss mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appimages mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appWEB-INFclasses mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appMETA-INF mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemolib mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appconfspring mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appconfhibernatepropertyfile Creating new property file: D:_DEVgrails_perties copy Copying 2 files to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemo copy Copying 2 files to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appWEB-INF copy Copying 5 files to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appWEB-INFtld copy Copying 87 files to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-app copy Copying 17 files to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-app copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemo copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemo copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemopropertyfile Updating property file: D:_DEVgrails_pertiesCreated Grails Application at D:_DEVgrails_apps/demoD:_DEVgrails_apps通过“grails create-app”这个命令，Grails自动帮我们创建了开发所需的工程环境。其实您现在就已经拥有了一个可运行的Web应用程序，然后进入demo目录(“cd demo”)，输入“grails run-app”，回车，启动这个五脏俱全的程序雏形，打开浏览器，输入 http:/localhost:8080/demo ，回车，看到了吧 :) 让我们继续吧，请停止这个程序(Ctrl + C)4，在“命令行”中输入“cd demo”，回车，以进入demo目录，然后再输入“grails create-domain-class User”创建domain class即类似于pojo的pogo，它对应MVC中的Model，不过由Grails自动创建的pogo是空的，需要自己添加属性，约束（constraints）等。输出结果如下所示：D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils create-domain-class UserWelcome to Grails 1.0 - /Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0Grails home is set to: D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0Base Directory: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoEnvironment set to developmentNote: No plugin scripts foundRunning script D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0scriptsCreateDomainClass.groovy copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appdomainCreated for User copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemotestintegrationCreated Tests for UserD:_DEVgrails_appsdemo5，进入D:Tempgrails_appsdemograils-appdomain（这个目录中存放着所有的domain class），打开User.groovy，修改为如下内容： class User String name String password String toString() $name : $password static constraints = name(blank: false ) password(blank: false , size: 6 . 16 ) contraints这个类变量是定义一些约束的，比如name不能为空白，password不能为空白而且长度在6到16之间（包括6和16）6，在“命令行”中输入“grails generate-all User”，为User产生所有CRUD操作需要的代码（如控制器UserController.groovy）和页面（如list.gsp），输出结果如下所示：D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils generate-all UserWelcome to Grails 1.0 - /Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0Grails home is set to: D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0Base Directory: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoEnvironment set to developmentNote: No plugin scripts foundRunning script D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0scriptsGenerateAll.groovy mkdir Created dir: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-appWEB-INFlib mkdir Created dir: C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoclasses groovyc Compiling 7 source files to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoclasses mkdir Created dir: C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoresourcesgrails-appi18nnative2ascii Converting 10 files from D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appi18n to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoresourcesgrails-appi18n copy Copying 1 file to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoclasses copy Copying 1 file to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoresources copy Copying 1 file to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemo0 spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext2b2057: display name mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext2b2057; startup date Tue Feb 05 23:26:45 CST 2008; root of context hierarchy16 spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext2b2057: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactoryeebf17Generating views for domain class User .Generating controller for domain class User .Finished generation for domain class UserD:_DEVgrails_appsdemo7，修改demograils-appcontrollersUserController.groovy的内容为： class UserController def loginService / 新增的代码 def index = redirect(action:list,params:params) / the delete, save and update actions only accept POST requests def allowedMethods = delete:POST, save:POST, update:POST def list = if(!params.max) params.max = 10 userList: User.list( params ) def show = def user = User.get( params.id ) if(!user) flash.message = User not found with id $params.id redirect(action:list) else return user : user def delete = def user = User.get( params.id ) if(user) user.delete() flash.message = User $params.id deleted redirect(action:list) else flash.message = User not found with id $params.id redirect(action:list) def edit = def user = User.get( params.id ) if(!user) flash.message = User not found with id $params.id redirect(action:list) else return user : user def update = def user = User.get( params.id ) if(user) perties = params if(!user.hasErrors() & user.save() flash.message = User $params.id updated redirect(action:show,id:user.id) else render(view:edit,model:user:user) else flash.message = User not found with id $params.id redirect(action:edit,id:params.id) def create = def user = new User() perties = params return user:user def save = def user = new User(params) if(!user.hasErrors() & user.save() flash.message = User $user.id created redirect(action:show,id:user.id) else render(view:create,model:user:user) / 新增的代码 def login = if (request.method = POST) User u = new User() perties = params if (!u.validate() render(view:login, model:user:u) if ( & params.password) def user = loginService.check(u) if (user) flash.message = Welcome $ render(view: ok, model: user: user) else flash.error = Invalid $ with $u.password render(view: login, model: user: u) else render(view: login, model: user: u) 大家或许也看到了LoginService这个类，我将在后面演示创建它，这个LoginService类封装了所有登陆相关的业务逻辑，Grails会自动将其注入到UserController中8，在“命令行”中，输入“grails create-service Login”，创建LoginService.groovy，输出：D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils create-service LoginWelcome to Grails 1.0 - /Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0Grails home is set to: D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0Base Directory: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoEnvironment set to developmentNote: No plugin scripts foundRunning script D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0scriptsCreateService.groovy copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils-appservicesCreated Service for Login copy Copying 1 file to D:_DEVgrails_appsdemotestintegrationCreated ServiceTests for LoginD:_DEVgrails_appsdemo9，修改demograils-appservicesLoginService.groovy的内容为：class LoginService boolean transactional = true def check(User u) def user = User.findWhere(name: , password: u.password) return user 10，在demograils-appviewsuser目录下创建login.gsp和ok.gsp，它们对应MVC中的View，内容分别为：login.gsp （复制demograils-appviewsusercreate.gsp的内容到login.gsp中，并修改）: Login Home User List Login $flash.error Name: Password: ok.gsp: $flash.messageName: $user?.name Password: $user?.password11，修改demograils-appconfBootStrap.groovy，初始化数据库：将一个User实例保存到数据库(grails自带hsqldb和jetty)中，内容如下：class BootStrap def init = servletContext - new User(name: demo, password: 123456).save() def destroy = 12，在“命令行”中，输入“grails run-app”，运行我们的Web应用，输出如下：D:_DEVgrails_appsdemograils run-appWelcome to Grails 1.0 - /Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0Grails home is set to: D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0Base Directory: D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoEnvironment set to developmentNote: No plugin scripts foundRunning script D:DMY_DEVgrails-1.0scriptsRunApp.groovy groovyc Compiling 4 source files to C:Documents and SettingsDaniel.grails1.0projectsdemoclassesRunning Grails application.2008-02-05 23:46:08.912:INFO: Logging to STDERR via org.mortbay.log.StdErrLog2008-02-05 23:46:08.066:INFO: jetty-6.1.42008-02-05 23:46:08.347:INFO: No Transaction manager found - if your webapp requires one, please configure one.2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO: Set web app root system property: demo = D:_DEVgrails_appsdemoweb-app2008-02-05 23:46:09.081:/demo:INFO: Initializing Log4J from file:C:Documents and SettingsDaniel/.grails/1.0/projects/demo/resources/perties2008-02-05 23:46:09.113:/demo:INFO: Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext0 spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Refreshing mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext5facbd: display name mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext5facbd; startup date Tue Feb 05 23:46:14 CST 2008; parent: org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext1fef80a0 spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext Bean factory for application context mons.spring.GrailsWebApplicationContext5facbd: org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactoryaa4c7c2008-02-05 23:46:21.590:/demo:INFO: Initializing Spring FrameworkServ