冶金英语自学指导书.doc

冶金专业英语自学指导书课程编码及适用专业 课程名称：冶金专业英语课程名称：Subject-based English- English for Metallurgy Engineering课程编码： 总学时：60 面授学时：24 自学学时：36适用专业：非英语专业函授本科冶金工程一课程性质 本课程为冶金工程专业课（必修课），通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握钢铁冶金专业的基本英语词汇，能够阅读冶金及相关行业的英文文献，及时掌握国外相关领域的发展动态和新技术。提高翻译技巧和分析难句的能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业的英文资料译成中文，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文的能力，初步的英语听说能力。二本课程的地位和特点科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。随着科技的发展与全球经济一体化的逐步深入，科技英语越来越彰显出其重要性，因此世界上许多国家都设立了科技英语研究机构，并在大学中设立了相关专业。冶金专业英语则是冶金工程专业的一门专业基础课，旨在培养冶金专业学生阅读科技文献和专业书刊资料的能力。本课程具有以下特点：1 冶金专业英语不像普通英语那样具有感性形象思维，不具感情色彩，其目的是使读者容易理解而不产生太多的想象。也不经常运用比喻、排比、夸张等修辞手段，而是要准确表达客观规律，按逻辑思维清晰地描述问题。 2. 冶金专业英语的词汇意义比较专一、稳定，特别是大量的专业名词其词义很固定、专一。即使是象do, take, make这样的多意义普通动词，在科技英语中它们的词义亦比较固定，其表达方式也比较容易理解。 3. 冶金专业英语主要是一种书面语言，它要求严谨、简洁，不要求在文中堆积华丽的词藻，也不要求考虑朗读和吟诵。 4 冶金专业英语词汇具有国际性。5. 多使用正式规范的书面动词来替代具有同样意义的口语化的动词或动词短语。 6 在语法结构上，本课程大量使用被动语态。冶金专业英语使用被动语态可以使描述减少主观色彩，增强客观性，而且通过隐去人称主语而使句子尽可能简洁。 7.大量使用名词或名词短语。 8.大量使用非谓语动词短语及分词短语。 9. 用It作形式主语，替代后面that所引导的作为主句真正主语的从句。 10. 常用It作形式主语替代句子后面作真正主语的动词不定式短语。 11. 多用介词词组来表示用什么方法、数据、资料、什么材料、根据什么标准等。 12. 常见包含两个及两个以上从句的长句。 三学习目的和要求教育部制定的大学本科专业英语的教学大纲规定, 通过专业英语的学习, 主要是让学生 具备以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力 .根据此规定,通过本课程的教学 要求学生: 1, 掌握常见冶金专业英语词汇; 2, 熟悉科技英语的语法,句法特点; 3, 能读懂难度适中的专业文章的英语原文; 4, 会撰写科技论文的英文题目,摘要. 本课程采用的教学方法 本课程的教学方法以课堂讲授为主, 学生进行口头与书面练习为辅. 主要包括以下几个 方面的内容: 1, 词汇:专业英语词汇量大,但许多是由公共英语词汇转化,引申,派生或合成的, 因此词汇教学着重与构词法及常见前缀,后缀的含义. 2, 语法与句法:专业英语是一种英语语体,在语法与句法方面有其固有的特点.为了 让学生掌握其特点, 主要通过课文教学使他们具备该方面的感性认识, 再通过附录二的教学 达到理性的飞跃. 1 3, 阅读与翻译: 要以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息, 必须在有足够词汇量 (包 括专业英语词汇)并熟悉科技英语语法与句法的基础上,透彻地理解原文,然后用明白流畅 的中文表达出来(因为用英语获取的信息,不仅要自己理解,更重要的是能与同行交流或传 授给他人) .阅读与翻译能力的提高,同样需要感性积累与理性总结.专业英语句子较长, 且定语从句,状语,动词非谓语形式多,为帮助学生理解课文,提高翻译能力,对于比较复 杂的句子,在本课程前半部分,直接由教师讲解句子结构,在后半部分,先由学生分析,再 由教师补充.附录二与附录三的教学,对于本课程而言不可或缺. 科技论文题目,摘要的写作:主要通过附录的教学来达到该教学要求.掌握冶金工程的基本专业英语词汇，能够阅读冶金及相关行业的英文文献，及时掌握国外相关领域的发展动态和新技术。提高翻译技巧和分析难句的能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业的英文资料译成中文，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文的能力和英语听说能力。四本课程的学习方法 本课程的教学方法以课堂讲授为主, 学生课后自学为辅. 主要包括以下几个方面的内容: 1, 词汇:专业英语词汇量大,但许多是由公共英语词汇转化,引申,派生或合成的, 因此词汇教学着重与构词法及常见前缀,后缀的含义. 2, 语法与句法:专业英语是一种英语语体,在语法与句法方面有其固有的特点.为了 让学生掌握其特点, 主要通过课文教学使他们具备该方面的感性认识, 再通过附录二的教学 达到理性的飞跃. 3, 阅读与翻译: 要以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息, 必须在有足够词汇量 (包 括专业英语词汇)并熟悉科技英语语法与句法的基础上,透彻地理解原文,然后用明白流畅 的中文表达出来(因为用英语获取的信息,不仅要自己理解,更重要的是能与同行交流或传授给他人) .阅读与翻译能力的提高,同样需要感性积累与理性总结.专业英语句子较长, 且定语从句,状语,动词非谓语形式多,为帮助学生理解课文,提高翻译能力,对于比较复 杂的句子,在本课程前半部分,直接由教师讲解句子结构,在后半部分,先由学生分析,再 由教师补充.附录二的教学,对于本课程而言不可或缺. 科技论文题目,摘要的写作:主要通过附录的教学来达到该教学要求.五自学内容与指导Unit 1 From the History of Ironmaking and SteelmakingLead inBefore the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produces in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron.Key words and expressionsAbraham Dardy, Nilson, Henry Bessemer, Victorian, Sidney Thomas, Percy Gilchrist, L-D, the L-D processPhrases UsageIn terms of, serve as, result in, benefit, eliminateUnit 2 Raw materials for the production of ironLead in-The raw materials for the production of iron in the blast furnace can be grouped as follows: Iron-bearing materials, fuels and fluxes.Key words and expressions-Raw iron-bearing materials, fuel, flux, sinter, pellet, oxide, sulphide, sulfur, carbonate, magnetite, hematite, limonite, ilmenitePhrases Usage-Pelletize, ignite, storage, stick, strengthUnit 3 The Blast Furnace PlantLead in-A complete balst furnace plant consequently comprises many components.The most important of these are: the blast furnace, bunkers, charging equipment, the cast house, hot blast stoves, top gas removal and cleaning equipment.Key words and expressions-External, undertake, belt, skip, distribute, bell-less, seal, ratating chute, liquid, float, separate, skimmer, pool, dam, runner, iron runnerPhrases Usage-Adjacent to sth., by means of, facilities, (be) refferred to as, deliver sth. To sb.Unit 4 Hot Blast StoveLead in-Each hot blast stove is a large exchanger to preheat blast furnace air.Key words and expressions-Checker mass/chamber, checker brick, on blast, coke oven, back draft, equal toPhrases Usage-equalUnit 5 New Developments in Iron MakingLead in-Dring the past century, many efforts were made to develop processes for producing iron for steelmaking that could serve as alternatives to the conventional blast furnace. Direct reduction technology is commonly classed into two types: gas reduction process, and reduction process with solid reducing agents.Key words and expressions-Take the plce of, be classified as, carbon monoxide, direct reduced iron(DRI), go into production, gas reformer, bustle pipe, charge solid, gravity feed, seal legs, scrubber, reformer tube, rotary kiln furnace, lime shell, melter gasfier, iron bath reactor Phrases Usage-be exposed to, together withUnit 6 Raw Materials of SteelmakingLead in-The hot metal tapped from the blast furnace is the principle raw materials used for steelmaking. Besides hot metal, further charge materials are: steel scrap, sponge iron, slag formers, alloying agents and oxidizing agents.New words and expressions-alloying agent, slag former, process scrap, eoxidation, sheared end, tramp element, imput, BOF(basic oxygen furnace), account for, participate, rejected material, finished article, dressing plant, loose scrap, quantity, process scrap, consist of/inUnit 7 Principles of Modern SteelmakingLead in-Currently, there are two major steelmaking processes, the more popular being the oxygen processes based on hot metal from a blast furnace and scrap,and the less popular being the electric arc process which is suitable for making steel from high-quality industrial scrap or from pre-reduced pellets.Key words and expressions-Refining, slagging, desiliconization, dephosphorization, remainder, dioxide, oxidize, accelerate, sulphide, gaseous, atmosphere, volumePhrases Usage-Be concerned with, as a whole, the greaterthe greaterUnit 8 The LD PracticeLead in-Oxygen top-blowing converter Key words and expressions-Magnesite, standby, standby lance, mechanism, sequence, tray, crane, dump, charge, tilt, vertical, jet, penetrate, circulation, evolution, free running slag, splash, basicity, tapinghole, pouring ladle, filing, tap-to-tap time, heat, duration of a heat, inspection, the LD practice, pear-shaped converter, oxygen lance, sample analysis, on the contrary, pouring ladle, oxygen jetPhrases Usage-Be similar to, upon, result inUnit 9 Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking ProcessesLead in-The electric arc furnace operates as a batch melting process producing batches of molten steel known heats. The electric arc furnace operating cycle is called the tap-to-tap cycle and is made up of the following operations: Furnace charging Melting Refining De-slagging Tapping Furnace turn-around Modern operations aim for a tap-to-tap time of less than 60 minutes. Key words and expressions-Die steel, stainless steel, Bessemer process, foundry, capacity, ferroalloy, bank, slop, bore, bath, melting phase, compound, teeming crane, erosion, water cooled conducting collar, the electric arc furnace, oxidizing stage, melting phase, high-grade alloy steel, controlled condition, plain carbon steelPhrases Usage-Give rise toUnit 10 Secondary RefiningLead in-Secondary refining technology for steel has assumed greater significance with the end users demanding zero defect products and very close tolerance in specifications. Besides, cleanliness in steel affects downstream process efficiency and end productreliability.Key words and expressions-Secondary refining, microcleanliness, porous lance, deoxidizer, caster, vacuum pump, vacuum roof, mechanical property, clean steel, vacuum treatment, electromegnetic stirring, finkle process, induction furnace, vacuum chamber, metallurgical reaction, RH process, circulation leg, mobile induction heater, steam ejector, the vacuum degassing stationPhrases Usage-Be divided into, corresponding, with the aid of, in some instances, have an effect on/upon, carry out, Unit 11 Continuous Casting of SteelLead in-In the continuous casting of steel the surface quality of the cast product is highly dependent upon the horizontal heat transfer between the steel shell and the mould.Key words and expressions-continuous casting, block, ingot casting, cold working, primary mill, bloom, slab, bottom plate, locomotive, soaking pit, preheating furnace, segregation, strand, bow-type, installation, casting bay, stopper rod, slide gate, chain links, tundish, mould set, dummy bar, roller, segment, cut-off station, octagonalPhrases Usage-Invariably, subsequent, discard, in accordance with, likewise, impetus, otherwiseUnit 12 Steels of TypesLead in-Steel grades can be subdivided according to chemical composition and service properties. According to chemical composition there are plain steels and alloy steels.Key words and expressions-Plain carcbon steel, tensile strength, percentage, hardenability, formability, weldability, ferrite, pearlite, forging, toughness, quench, martensite, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, gear, shaft, impact resistancePhrases Usage-Subdivide, notably, a function of, impair, be subject to, upgrade, spring, ultimate, retain, cutting-edge, impact, according to, in additioUnit 13 Pyrometallurgical Extraction of Copper from Sulphide OresLead in-Ommitted.Key words and expressions-Pyrometallurgical, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, bornite, roast, affinity, matte, multi-hearch, reverberatory, flash-furnace, smelter, horizontal converter, autogenous, poling, pitch, tough pitch copper, pole, over-pole, phosphoeous, lithium, eletro-refining, fire-refiningPhrases Usage-Present, in the form of, be seperated from, combine, result in/from, be sufficient to, evolve, in conjunction withUnit 14 Production of AluminiumLead in-In most countries aluminium is used in five areas: building and aonstriction; containers and packaging; transportation; electrical conductors; machinery and equipment.Key words and expressions-Packaging, container, titania, reserve, distinct, digest, soda, residue, reverse, conductor, cryolite, slurry, tank, filter, socket, crust, tension, dilute, assist, crane, robotUnit 15 Metal Forming ProcessesLead in-Metal forming is plastic working of materials.in metal forming,an initially simple part, a billet or a sheet blank,for example , is plastically deformed between tools to obtain the desired linal configuration. thus, a simple part geometry is transformed into a complex one, sine toolsstorethe desired geometry and impart pressure on the deforming material through the tool-material interface. metal forming processes usually in one or a few stokes of a press or hammer. as a result , metal forming offers potential savings in energy and materical, especially in medium and large produciton quantities, where tool costs can be easily amortized. in addition , for a given weight, parts prouduced by metal forming exhibit better mechanical and metallurgical properties and reliability than do those manufactured by casting and machining.Key words and expressions-Poeder metallurgy, cavity, die casting, die forging, squeeze, lead, rolling mile, workpiece, squirt, extrude, procrdure, strip, soldering, riveting, fusion weldingPhrases Usage-Be termed as, in detail, decorate, a wide range of, be grouped intoUnit 16 RollingLead in- Steel rolling is a continuous or stepwise forming with the aid of more than two rotating rolls.Key words and expressions-Stepwise, pressure, prior to, deformation, finishing area, rolling-stock, ratating rolls, socking pits, train, roughing trains, intermediate, finishing shop, stacking, retrieve, marking, bundling, packing, pickling, deep-drawing, flat, annealing, surface finish, breaking down, semis, semi-finished, bloom, slab, billet, flat product, profile, sectional steel, circular, rectangular, octagonal, profiled section, wide-flanged beams, reinforce, rib, accessories, track, hollow, oval, carry outPhrases Usage-With the aid of, prior, apply, deform, reinforce, classifyUnit 17 Tube and Wire Rod MakingLead in -Finished products produced by rolling are so diverse that it is difficult to give a general description, but a large works might produce steel tubes and steel wires in the following way:tube-making, the drawing of wires and rods.Key words and expressions-Steel tubes, steel wires, forming roll, steel bar, electric induction, hydraulic press, annealing, heat furnace, indentation, seamless tube, coils of steel strip, torch cutter, hypodermic needle, steel rod, tapered, tapped, slottedPhrases Usage-Feed, curl, rotate, accumulateUnit 18 The Heat Treatment of SteelLead in -The heat treatment behavior of several plain carbon steels and low alloy steels is investigated. In this study the effect of quenching and tempering, iso-thermal annealing and continuous cooling treatments on the formation and decomposition of martensite and other phases of steel are investigated. The tempering experiments demonstrate the kinetics of the decomposition of martensite into a microstructure that yields a softer but tougher material while the iso-thermal and continuous cooling experiments demonstrate the kinetics of the decomposition of austenite. This experiment makes extensive use of the Fe-Fe3C equilibrium phase diagram and the ITT curves for steel. The results of the heat treatments are evaluated using the Rockwell hardness tests and analysis of the microstructures of each specimen.Key words and expressions-Stretch, ductility, tempering, annealing, case hardening, tensile, knitting needle, sandpaper, pliers, tough, springy, quench, snap off, hardened structure, pearlitic structure, remove, hardened, piece, restore, represent, relieve, strain, thoroughly, clay, pack, withdraw, charcoal, cracking, case, cyaniding, immerse, cyanide, nitriding, ammonia, decompose, nitride, impart, nitrocarburizing, diffuse, crankshaft, gear, piston, grind, throughputPhrases Usage-At hand, in