The Answer of Technology English.doc

Unit 1 Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials science 材料科学 Stone age 石器时代Naked eye 肉眼 Bronze age 铜器时代Optical property 光学性能 Integrated circuit 集成电路Mechanical strength 机械强度 Thermal conductivity 导热性materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry，physics，metallurgy，engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials sciences involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of human kind .材料科学是一门交叉学科，研究内容包括化学，物理学，冶金学，工程学和最近的生命科学。它其中的一个方面涉及到研究和设计材料使其对人们在应用中有用和可靠。Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative（变化、恶化）.实际上，固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类：机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely “processing” and “performance”. 除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria（标准）.工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉，他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择，交叉科学 interdisciplinary study 介电常数 dielectric constant固体材料 solid materials 热容 heat capacity力学性质 mechanical property 电磁辐射 electromagnetism radiation材料加工 materials processing 弹性系数（模数） elastic modulusUnit 2 Classification of MaterialsComposite materials 复合材料 Organic compound 有机化合物Advanced materials 尖端材料 Nuclear energy 核能Transportation vehicle 交通工具 Raw materials 原料Nonrenewable resources 非再生资源 Recycling technology 循环工艺Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear，and are not transparent to visible light；a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体，并且不能透过可见光；一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat，and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体，并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。Materials processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that they produce less environmental degradation，that is，less pollution and less despoilage of the landscape from mining of raw materials.材料加工和精制方法需要提高，以致它们产生更少的环境恶化，那就是，更少的污染和更少地从矿物质原材料中掠夺地皮。工程材料 engineering materials 黏土矿物clay mineral可见光visible light 玻璃纤维 fiber glass非金属元素nonmetal elements 移植 implants杂质 impurity 材料加工Materials processing高科技 high-technology 环境质量 environmental qualityUnit 3 Structure-Property Relationship of MaterialsTensile test 拉伸实验 Plastic deformation 塑性变形Load cell 测压元件 Gauge length 标准长度Cross-sectional area 横截面积 Fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 Elastic modulus 弹性模数 Yield strain 屈服应变Applications of these materials depending on their properties；therefore，we need to know what properties are required by the application and to be able to relate those specifications to the materials .材料的应用取决于材料的性质，因此，我们要知道在应用中需要什么特性，并且能够把这些规格和材料相联系起来。True stress and true strain provide the most accurate description of what actually happens to the material during testing and so are widely used in materials science .纯应力和纯应变能够提供准确的描述，在材料测试中到底发生什么，所以被广泛的应用在材料科学中。“Ductile”materials are those that can undergo plastic deformation and so the greater the extent of plastic deformation，the higher the ductility .塑性材料是那些能够承受塑性变形的，并且塑性变形越大，就越容易变形。张力 tensile force 应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve无量纲的 dimensionless 弹性变形 elastic deformation动能 kinetic energy 熔点 melting point镍铜合金 nickel-copper alloy（thermalloy） 共熔温度co-melting temperature极限抗拉强度 ultimate tensile strength 蠕变 creep deformationUnit 6 An Introduction to Metallic MaterialsThe outmost layer of electrons 最外层电子 Free electron gas 自由电子气Electrical conductivity 电导率 Plain-carbon steel 平碳钢Solid solution 固溶体 Intermetallic compound 金属间化合物In the case of pure metals，the outermost layer of electrons is not bound to any given atom，instead these electrons are free to roam from atom to atom .在纯金属的情况下，最外层电子并不束缚于任一个原子，而是在原子与原子之间移动。Alloys are usually less malleable and ductile than pure metals and the tend to have lower melting point .和纯金属相比，合金具的延展性要差一些，并且有较低的熔点。The formation of intermetallic compounds seems strange，given the comment above about above free electrons promoting solid-solubility .之前提到的解释关于自由电子促成了固溶度，使金属间化合物的形成看起来很奇怪。If two metals have different crystal tructures then at some intermediate composition there will have to be a change from the crystal structure of one metal to that of the other .如果两种金属有不同的晶体结构，那么一些中性成分将会有从一种金属的晶体结构转变成另一种晶体结构。金属材料 metallic material 不锈钢 stainless steel 溶质 solvend 元素周期表 periodic table of elements溶剂 solvent 电负性 electronegativity过渡金属 transition metal 晶体结构 crystal structureUnit 9 Introduction to ceramics Amorphous materials 非晶材料 Refractory materials 耐火材料Electrical insulator 电绝缘体 Silica fibre 石英纤维Thermal barrier tile 热障瓦Ceramics can be defined as inorganic，non-metallic materials that are typically produced using clays and other minerals from the earth or chemically processed powders .Ceramics are typically crystalline in nature and are compounds formed between metallic and non-metallic elements such as aluminium and oxygen（alumina，AI2O3）,silicon and nitrogen（silicon nitride，SI3N4）and silicon and carbon（silicon carbide，SiC）. Glass is often considered a subset of ceramics . Glass is somewhat different than ceramics in that it is amorphous，or has no long range crystalline order .陶瓷被定义为无机、非金属材料，典型的生产是用黏土和地层的矿物质或者化学加工粉末。陶瓷本质上是典型的晶体，是由介于金属和非金属之间的元素混合而成，例如铝和氧（氧化铝），硅和氮（氮化硅）和硅和碳（碳化硅）。玻璃通常被认为是陶瓷的一个分支，在非晶态上和陶瓷有些不同，那就是玻璃没有晶体的长程有序。Ceramics play an important role in addressing various environmental needs .Ceramics help decrease pollution，capture toxic materials and encapsulate（装入胶囊，压缩） nuclear waste .陶瓷在需求不同环境中扮演着重要的角色，陶瓷可以减少污染，吸收有毒原料并且减少原子工业废料。碳纤维 carbon fiber 非金属材料non-metallic material类似黏土的材料 clay-like material 高温炉high temperature furnace混凝土 reinforced concreteUnit 13 Polymer SynthesisUnit 17 Polymeric Composite MaterialsPolymeric composites 聚合物复合材料 Steel reinforcement 钢筋Civil engineering 土木工程Cost-efficient automated computer-controlled looms 电脑自动控制高产织布机Corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性 Smart materials 智能材料Composite materials appeared very early in human technology，the“structural”properties of straw were combined with a clay matrix to produce the first construction material and，more recently，steel reinforcement opened the way to the ferroconcrete that is the last century dominant material in civil engineering .在人类的技术上，复合材料出现的很早，这种结构特性的稻草和黏土基质结合在一起构成了最早的建筑材料，最近，钢筋的出现为上世纪的土木工程的主导材料钢筋混凝土开辟了道路。The main trends in the structural composite field are related to the reduction of the cost which cannot only be related to be improvement in the manufacturing technology，but needs an integration between design，material，process，tooling，quality assurance，manufacturing .结构复合领域的主要趋势涉及减少成本，这不仅仅只是和提高制造工艺有关，还需要和设计，材料，加工，模具，质量保障和制造之间综合考虑Significant breakthroughs are expected in new composite materials especially in those applications，such as electronic，optic and biomedical，where functionality is the most relevant technical need .复合材料在应用中被期待着有重要意义的突破，特别是电，光和生物医学领域，这些领域里功能性是最主要的技术要求。环境友好的 environment friendly 生物可降解体系 biodegradable system纺织业 textile industry 无线电通讯 telecommunication（transceiving）弹性动力学 elastic dynamic 重要进展important advances非线性的 non-linear 耐（抗）疲劳强度 fatigue resistanceUnit 21 nanostructured materials-recent scientific advancesMesoscopic scales 介观尺度 Considerable complexity 高复杂Compatibilizer 增容剂 Chemical reagent 化学试剂Agglomerates(or aggregates) and aerogels 聚集体和气凝胶The archetypal bio-inspired synthesis route 原型生物刺激合成路线Porous catalysts and membranes 多空催化和薄膜 Scanning microprobe techniques 扫描探针技术Increasing emphasis will be placed on synthesis and assembly at a very high degree of precision，achieved through innovative processing . the result will be control of the nanostructured materials and devices . integration of top-down physical assembly concepts with bottom-up chemical and biological assembly concepts may be required to create fully functional nanostructures that are operational at mesoscopic scales.通过创新性加工方法，越来越多的重点将会放在分析和组装的高精度上来，这个结果将会支配纳米结构材料和设备上。把自上而下的物理组合概念和自下而上的化学生物组装概念综合起来，在介观尺度下操作，制造出需要的全功能纳米结构。The ability to direct the assembly and organization of materials with nanomanipulation and nanolithograhy, based, for example , on scanning microprobe techniques, has achieved directed assembly and structuring of materias at the moluecular level.这种基于扫描探针技术的纳米操作和纳米印刷术来直接组装材料的能力，已经能够在分子水平获得定向组装和构造材料。窄的粒度分布 narrowsize distribution 凝聚态物理 condensed matter physics生物标记 biological label（marker） 表面效应 surface effect配位数coordination numberUnit 24 biomaterials introductionBiomaterials 生物材料 Cell biology 细胞生物学Biodegradable substrate 可生物降解基体 Pathologist 病理学家Molecular biomaterials 分子生物材料 Implant-tissue interface 种植体-组织界面With only very few exceptions，biomaterials were synthetic and intended to be permanent implants that substituted for structure and/or function in diseased or traumatized tissues .除了少部分例外，生物材料的合成有望永久移植替换那些败坏的结构或者受损的组织。The field