图表式书面表达写作指导教学案.doc

精品文档 图表式书面表达写作指导 翔宇教育集团宝应中学 祁 勇图表式书面表达的几种形式: 一是以表格形式-将统计的数据或被说明的事物直接用表格形式体现出来,即统计表。二是以图形形式：A表示数据变化的曲线图B表示数据的大小或数量之间的差异的柱状图C表示总体内部结构变化的扇形图D表示情节发展的连环图.图表式作文写作要求学生通过对数据和文字内容进行分析与讨论,系统准确地表达内容,并得出令人心服的结论。图表式作文有以下几种形式:一是以表格形式,将统计的数据或被说明的事物直接用表格形式体现出来,即统计表。二是以图形形式,可分为以曲线形式表示数据变化的线形图;以条形方式表示数据的大小或数量之间的差异的条形图;以圆内扇形的大小表示总体内部结构变化的圆形图。图表式作文写作分三步:第一、开门见山地点明本图表所反映的主题经常使用的词汇有:table, chart, figure, graph, describe, tell, show, represent等等。第二、 分析数据间的主要差异及趋势,然后描写在描写数据间变化及总趋势特征时,可采用分类式或对比式以支持主题,并阐明必要的理由。要注意层次清楚。经常使用的词汇有:rise, drop, reduce, increase, decrease, fall, while, but, on the contrary, however, compare. to/ with., in contrast to, as.as, the same as, similar to, different from, difference between, among, more than, less than等等。第三、 归纳总结或发表评论。有时第三步可省略 经常使用的词汇有:in a word, in short, generally speaking, Its clear from the chart that., We can draw the conclusion that., We can learn/know.等等。表格提示式书面表达写作指导一、写作指导英语书面表达题是指导性写作,要求根据所提供的情景写一篇100词左右的短文.所提供情景的形式有图画、表格、提纲、短文等.其中1996,2001,2002年高考题为表格提示题,应引起同学们的高度重视.这种题型主要具备以下特点:1.表格提示题涉及题材广泛,如人物介绍、地点介绍、新闻报道等;体裁多种多样,包括应用文(如书信、日记、通知、发言稿)、说明文、记叙文等.2.与看图作文不同,表格提示一目了然,需要表达的信息一览无遗.答题时无须花过多的时间去琢磨写作内容,一般要点不会被遗漏.3.与汉语提示作文不同,表格中通常是以不完整的汉语句子(包括术语或概括性短语)作为提示的,既能够让考生获得命题人所要求的信息,又留给考生一定的发挥空间.因而要求考生具备很强的驾驭语言能力以及较强的语篇整合技能.综观表格式书面表达题的命题特点及考试要求,笔者认为答题时应注意以下几点:1)注意格式,避免填表式表达.表格提示题虽以表格作为提示,但要求以短文的形式(包括不同文体)来表达.答题时应注意不同文体的格式.切忌将短文写成履历表.例如在表达人物姓名及出生年月时,个别同学将其表达为:Name: Li HuaTime of birth: 1977. 2Place of birth: Liaoning Dalian上述填表式表达显得滑稽可笑,显然不符合考试要求.正确的表达应为:My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning Province in February 1977.(1996高考范文)2)灵活变通,避免硬译式表达.首先,表格中的汉语提示简洁凝练,概括性强,表达时切忌逐字逐句翻译,简单罗列提示要点.必要时还要做灵活调整或进行补充.这样做的目的是将所要求写的内容准确、完整地表达出来.如:(1)业余爱好:游泳、滑冰、集邮、流行音乐.罗列表达:Hobbies: swimming, skating, collecting stamps, pop music.(劣)机械表达:My hobbies are swimming, skating, collecting stamps, pop music.(劣)灵活表达:In my spare time I enjoy listening to pop music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.(优/1996高考范文)(2)内容:白天:上课、做作业晚上:做作业机械重复式:In the daytime, we took lessons and had to do our homework. In the evening, we had to do our homework.(劣)灵活变通式:We have to go to school even at weekends and do much homework both in the daytime and in the evening.(优/2001高考范文)其次,遇到较为抽象、复杂的汉语提示时,应善于变通,可采用转换手段将汉语提示中的雅词妙句转换为较为通俗的汉语,然后再用地道的英语将其表达出来.如:(1)校园环境幽雅,绿树成荫.转换表达:It is quiet in our school and there are a lot of trees in it. / Our school is quiet with a lot of trees in it.(2)影响:广为人知,深受青睐(某英文报刊).机械表达:The newspaper is widely known and deeply loved by people.(劣)转换表达:It is a well-known newspaper, which is very popular with students and English learners.(优)另外,由于英语与汉语在语序上存有较大差异,在用英语表达时应调整好语序,以避免出现汉语式英语.如:汉语提示:工厂发展情况:近十年发生巨变.错误表达:In the past ten years the mill has taken place great changes.语序调整:Great changes have taken place in this mill in the past ten years.3)注意衔接,避免单句式表达.高考书面表达不同于单句翻译.有些同学表达时只注意了单个句子的完整性,而忽略了句子与句子之间的衔接以及整个语篇的连贯性,致使全文逻辑性不强,可读性差.试比较:原句:60% of the students think that fees should not be charged, .40% of the students think that fees should be charged, .(劣)修正:Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee. .On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged, .(优/2002高考范文)分析:原句缺少必要的过渡,句式重复,读起来单调、呆板;修正句巧妙地使用了过渡成分,前后连贯,结构紧凑.在表达方式上前后有所变化,因而收到了满意的表达效果.4)注意写作顺序,避免唯序式表达.表达时切忌千篇一律,完全按照表格内容出现的先后顺序来写.应从语篇角度统筹安排所要表达的内容.必要时在表达顺序上可做适当调整,目的是使全文重点突出,通顺连贯.二、写作实践I.题目要求:红星棉纺厂(Hongxing Cotton Mill)是对外开放企业,目前正准备引进外资,扩大规模.下列图表反映出该厂近十年发生的变化.请根据下表内容,用英语为该厂写一篇简介,以吸引国外投资者向该厂投资.注意:1.词数:100左右;2.可适当发挥,但要合情合理;3.生词提示:invest(投资).II.写作提示本文可以采用对比的方式来说明工厂情况.表达时应合理使用表示前后对比的词和短语,如but, however, while, on the contrary等.其次,在表达方式上应注意灵活表达,要避免前后重复.1.确定要点:(1)工厂发展情况;(2)工人人数对比;(3)厂房情况对比;(4)年利润对比;(5)产品种类对比;(6)设备更新情况;(7)欢迎外商投资.2.各要点所用词、短语及句式:(1)develop / take place / great changes / in the past ten years(2)have / there be / as many as. / the number of. is.(3)have / own / there be(4)make money / as much as. / 7 times as much as.(5)there be / produce(6)take the place of / change for(7)be welcome / invest / foreign investment将上述所列出的词、短语等扩展成句.注意时态、语态的正确运用并适当使用一些连接成分将所列的语句连成完整的语篇.全文应结构紧凑,前后连贯.III.参考答案Great changes have taken place in Hongxing Cotton Mill in the past ten years. It had only 400 workers in 1993, but there are as many as 3,000 now. Now the mill has 75 workshops, but there were only 20 ten years ago. Now the total amount of money the mill makes in a year has reached as much as 28,000,000 yuan, which is 7 times the amount of 1993. In 1993, there were only 9 kinds of products, but today the mill can produce more than 20 kinds. Whats more, the mill has got rid of the old equipment and introduced much advanced, scientific equipment. Foreign investments are welcome.高 考 实 战 题2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (江苏卷)假如你是李晓华，住在江城。你的加拿大笔友Bob来信谈到了他所居住的城市，并希望了解你家乡江城的情况。请你用英语写一封回信。回信须包括下表中的内容。 自然情况位于长江边、风景优美、适合居住 成 就经济发展迅速新建了不少工厂、住房、道路等。 存在问题水、空气污染交通拥挤对江城发展的看法(内容由考生自己拟定)注意：1回信中不能使用“江城”以外的地名。 2词数100左右。信的开头与结尾已为你写好，不计入词数。参考词汇：经济economy nDear Bob， Its very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautiful city.Now Id like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng Yours， XiaohuaOne possible version:Dear Bob，Its very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautiful city. Now Id like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng. The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang River. It is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten years. New factories, houses and roads have been built. More schools and hospitals are available for its people. However, there are still some problems, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. In my opinion, Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. I would also think that the growth of its population should be brought under control so that well have a better hometown in future. Yours, Xiaohua2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (江苏卷)据报道，2008年北京奥运会将选拔约十万志愿者为之服务。请你以“Dos and Donts for the 2008 Olympic Volunteers”为题，用英语写一篇短文，讨论志愿者应该做什么，不应该做什么。短文应包括下表中的内容：DosDonts1. 待人礼貌、友好1避免不得体的言行2坚守岗位2不忘履行自己的职责3介绍中国历史和文化3不损害祖国的形象如果你成为志愿者，你还应该做什么，不应该做什么。 （内容由考生自己拟定）注意：1。对所给要点，不要简单翻译，要有适当发挥 2字数120左右。短文中已写好了的部分，不计入词数 3参考词汇：形象 imageDos and Donts for the 2008 Olympic VolunteersIt is reported that about 100,000 people will be chosen as volunteers for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. What should the volunteers do and what should they not do?_If I have the honour to be chosen as a volunteer, _It is reported that about 100,000 people will be chosen as volunteers for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. What should the volunteers do and what should they not do?Firstly, they should be polite and friendly to the athletes and visitors from all over the world, and avoid improper behaviour. Secondly, they should stick to their posts, offering good services, satisfying any reasonable needs and being ready to help those in difficulty, and never fail to do their duty. Thirdly, they should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better and never say or do anything that harms the image of our motherland.If I have the honour to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and disciplining, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 (江苏卷)2007年4月29日上午10点到11点，全国亿万学生阳光体育活动在各地大中小学校同时举行，江苏省1，100万学生积极参与了这项活动。教育部倡导学生：每天锻炼一小时健康工作五十年幸福生活一辈子请你根据以上提示，用英语准备一份发言稿，向同学们讲述一下阳光体育活动的有关情况，并就高三学生是否需要每天花一小时锻炼，谈谈你的看法及理由。注意：1发言稿应包括以上所有信息，要有适当发挥。2词数：120左右。发言稿的开头和结尾已经写好，不计入总词数。3参考词汇：阳光体育活动a national student sports program;教育部the Ministry of EducationGood afternoon, everyoneOn the morning of April 29, 2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of millions of students from primary, middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program. Eleven million students in Jiangsu took an active part in this program.The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. Although we take an hour a day for exercise, it is well worth it. Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mindTherefore, we can work more efficiently.Thank you!图形式书面表达写作指导 (一) 柱状图(BAR CHART)人们日常生活中事物的变化情况通常可以用宽度相等的柱状图形来表示，柱状图的高度差别用来说明事物的动态发展趋势，同时要注意图例说明和坐标刻度所提示的信息。例：你们班会的讨论主题是“上大学是高中生唯一的出路吗？”请你根据下面图表及汉语提示，写一篇短文，并阐述你的个人观点。 提示：1.增长学识，提高素养，利于择业。2.成功的路不只一条。3.学费高，就业难。 要求：1.词数：100120左右。2.开头语已为你写好(不计入词数)。3.参考词汇： tuition n.学费qualities n.素养【解题分析】柱状图是高中英语课本中常见的图形，要求学生通过柱状图图中数据和提示内容写一短文，属于比较、对照类。也可根据提示写为议论文。通常我们采取三段式写法：第一段：描述图表，得出结论。第二段：紧扣主题，根据图表比较分析原因，论证结论。第三段：发表议论，提出自己的看法。【提炼要点】分析柱状图数据信息。从图中可看出，黑色代表想上大学，占大多数，约60%；浅黑色代表无所谓，占约30%；白色代表不想上大学，占约10%。One possible versionIs It The Only Way Out To Go To College？We had a discussion about whether it is the only way out for senior students to go to college. Views vary from person to person.The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college. They think it can widen their knowledge and improve their qualities. Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation. Very few students， that is about ten percent of the students， think it no use going university， because the tuition is too high for their family to afford. Whats more， its rather hard for college graduates to seek satisfactory jobs. Thirty percent of the students， however， believe “All roads lead to Rome.” Therefore it doesnt make any difference whether they go to college or not.In my opinion， we can receive a better education at college so that we can serve our motherland.【技巧点拨】1.读懂柱状图坐标刻线及图例说明与文字，比较柱状高低和颜色表示内容及数据。2.学会看趋势、找规律，从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点、规律。3.引用图表包含信息，使你的文章“由图而发”，言之有据。【常用句式】1. As can be seen from the chart，.As is shown in the chart，.2. The chart shows that about 60 percent of students want to go to college.3. From the graph/data/results/information above， it can be seen/concluded/shown /estimated.4.The graph shows the changes in the number of.over the period from.to.5.Compared with.，the number of the students of.(二) 曲线图(LINE GRAPH)曲线图常用来表示事物的变化趋势。常分为带时间参照和不带时间参照两种。曲线图的特点是信息集中，一目了然。例：下面的曲线图是我国2006年不同月份汽车事故分布示意图，请以“The number of car accidents in 2006”为题写一篇文章。要求：1.描述不同月份汽车事故分布(distribution)及总趋势。2.描述汽车事故的可能原因和对策。3.参考词汇：peak 顶点，高峰。词数：100120 。 【解题分析】英语曲线图作文实际是一篇“解说词”，即通过曲线图提供的信息，分析图中数据，综合出文章的主题。可采取三段式写法：第一段：用简短的几个句子简述图表。第二段：根据图表分类，概括性地描述曲线内容。第三段：对文章整体内容进行结论性总结。【提炼要点】分析曲线图数据信息。从图中可看出，曲线图的横轴代表2006年的不同的月份，纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从交通事故曲线图上可知，前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升到了最高点(39)，此后一直呈下降的趋势，十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见，2006年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。One possible versionThe Number of Car Accidents in 2006From the graph， we can see that there were two peaks of accidents in 2006. One was in Feb with the number of 32.The other was in August with the number of 39， which was the highest point of the distribution line. From August， the number of car accident had been decreasing till it reached the lowest point of the year in December. Two peaks occurred in spring and summer， the two seasons which had most of the years rain. Driving tends to be more dangerous in rainy days. Maybe the weather is the most important reason for car accidents. Be careful， when you drive a car in rainy days.【技巧点拨】1.认真观察坐标系信息，抓住曲线图变化趋势，结合提供的时间和数据参照寻求切入点。2.根据曲线图的变化过程，尽可能利用所给的文字信息进行分类，比较，总结。3.写作过程中不必要将图中全部数据信息加以描述，只需将典型内容作以分析。4.注意根据有无时间参照确定整篇文章时态。【常用句式】1.As can be seen from the graph， the line shows that.2.According to the graph， we can see/conclude that.3.This is a line graph which describes the trend of.4.The number sharply went up to.5.The percentage of.stayed the same between.6.The figures reached the peaks/bottom.(三) 圆形图(CIRCLE GRAPH)根据下面所给两幅图,完成100词左右的一篇短文(首句已给出)。参考词汇: expenses: n. 支出,费用The Average Family ExpensesThe average family income in the U. S. has increased._分析:第一步:点明本圆形图所表明的主题。The average family income in the U.S. has increased. The way the average family spends its income has also changed.第二步:描述两个圆形内数据间的变化。In 1997, 25% of the income was spent on housing and 18% on food and drink. 57% was used to meet all other expenses. In 2002, 32% was spent on housing, a big increase. Food and drink consumed 22%. The remaining expenses amount to 46%.第三步:总结。Its clear from the charts that as incomes increase people can afford to live more comfortably and eat more.(四) 连环图(COMIC STRIP )写作指导： 1、理解到位：根据已给的短文的第一句，仔细推敲每幅图的大意，整体把握一组图的连贯性理解及题目要求，确定思维范围如人物对象；知识范围如语法结构、时态、词汇和句型等。2、 要点到位：用一简单句写出每幅图的主题句(谁做什么?)，可以保证不遗漏要点而丢分。3、 细节到位：对每幅图主题句进行扩写、补充每幅图的次要内容(时间、地点、方式、原因等)，基本保证短文对词汇数量的要求。4、 表达到位：按情节发展先后, 整理成文。有效的使用语句间的连接成分，承上启下运用必要的连接词来体现较强的语言应用能力，使全文紧凑。5、 检查到位：对照各图看是否覆盖所有内容要点，检查全文定稿。中国人俗语说得好“磨刀不误砍柴工”。根据高考书面表达25 分钟的时间安排，至少15分钟时间应用来起草。在许多人认为书面表达最难，其实不然，最容易得分的手段在于书面表达。学生习作：Peter was once an employee in a company. Yesterday he was asked to type some important papers. He whistled as he was typing the papers in his office. The next dayhe handed the papers into the manager. After he read the papers the manager became very angry. After a short while, Peter was called in to his office. The manager asked him with angrilywhy he had made so many wrongly written characters recently. Peter smiled and said that because he often went to the chat room with computer, he had got the habit of writing wrongly written characters. As a result of his fault he was out of work.点评：本篇习作要点齐全，语言表达覆盖了四幅图中全部内容，并且应用了较为复杂的语法结构和词汇，有效的使用了语句间的连接，全文紧凑,具备一定的语言应用能力。然而美不掩瑕，一些语言和习惯用法的错误也存在不少，体现了习作者语言功底不够扎实。 The next day可改为This morning或This afternoon,从上句Yesterday看，The next day应是今天的任一时刻。去掉in,显然习作者对hand in(上交.)与hand to (把交给)的结构用法掌握不够好。called in有“请来、调来、找来”之意，用在此时此刻过于客气。改为told to come较为时宜。去掉with或改为in anger,修饰动词asked应用副词angrily或短语in anger作状语。去掉with computer或改为and chatted with other people on the web site.was out of work改为lost his job,得先有“失业”动作其后才会有“失业”存在的状态。One possible version:Peter was an employee in a company. He liked listening to music as he worked. One day he was typing a paper. Of course he listened to music as he worked. After finishing the paper, he handed it to his boss. The boss was very angry when he read it. He asked Peter to come to his office and shouted at him, “Peter! Can you explain why you have made so many wrongly written characters in the papers recently?” Looking at the paper, Peter didnt take it seriously and said with a smile, “I go to the chat room very often so Ive got the habit of doing that.” As a result, he lost his job.高 考 实 战 题2000年普通高等学校招生全国英语统一考试书面表达试题假设你是李华，在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你的目击一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时所见情况。根据下列图画写出报告。注意：1、目击者应该准确报告事实； 2、词数100左右； 3、结尾已为你写好。One possible version: It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000. It was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didnt stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.2003年普通高等学校招生全国英语统一考试书面表达试题假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。注意： 1词数：100左右。 2参考词汇：房租 rent (n .)。内容要点：1开头 2公寓（一室带浴室、厨房） 3面积、家具（25平米、床、沙发、书桌、椅子）4公寓位置（芳草街，离学校一站远） 5月租500元 6结尾说明：1内容要点可用不同方式表达。2对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。3开头、结尾的内容须合乎逻辑、语言得体。One possible version:Dear Bob,Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September. Ive found a place for you. Its a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. The rent is 500 yuan per month. The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxiu Chinese School. Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school. In fact, its only one stop. Do you think youd like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. Just let me know. Yours，Li Hua2004年普通高等学校招生全国英语统一考试（北京）试题某学校对中学生课余活动进行了调查，结果如下。请根据图表1提供的信息描述学生每天的课余活动，并针对图表2中任何一个数据中反映的情况写出你的一个看法。词数不少于60。生词：图表chart One Possible version : Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different aft