unit 3 A crime of compassion.ppt

Unit3ACrimeofCompassion 1 Ifyouhaveeverwitnessedthesufferingsofadyingperson tellusthefeelingsthatthesceneevokedfromyou 2 Doyouthinkdoctorsandnursesshoulddoeverythingwithintheirmeanstotrytosaveaterminallyillpatientevenwhentheyknowclearlyalltheireffortswouldmeannothingmorethanprolonginghissuffering TopicforDiscussionEuthanasia ju ne zi ormercykilling isoneofthemostcontroversialissuesintheworld Somepeoplemaintainthatoneisentitledtochoosewhentodieandhowtodie someotherpeopleholdthatthelegalizationofeuthanasiamightposedangersforsociety foritmightbeusedasapretextformurdering Discussthemainideasofeitherpartyandpresentyourownview ArgumentativeNarrationWhatIsArgumentativeNarrationIfanessayisbasicallyanargumentativeoneandthechiefmeansusedforargumentationisnarration itiscalledargumentativenarration TextAnalysisHuttmannbeginstheessaywiththeincidentthattheTVaudiencelodgedstrongaccusationsagainstherformurderingapatientshewassupposedtocarefor Butherresponsedoesnotfollowimmediately Shewithholdsherresponsetotheaccusationuntilthelastparagraph wheretheaudience saccusationofherismentionedagain andherargumentispresented Mostoftheessayisdevotedtothenarrationofthepainfuldyingprocessofaterminallyillcancerpatient whichshewitnessed Basedonthenarratedincidentherargumentseemsonlyanaturalconclusion Thereseemstobeacontradictioninthetitle ACrimeofCompassion Whatisit Therearevariouskindsofcrimes butcriminalscanbeanythingbutcompassionate Itishardlypossibletoassociatecompassionwithanycrimeandbeingcompassionatewithacriminal toplayGodtofunctionasGod i e todecidewhentoterminateaperson slife ChristiansbelievethatonlyGodhastherighttodecidewhenaperson slifeshouldend 1 Huttmannbeginsheressaywithametaphor Locateitandthenexplainit para 3 Thefirstsentenceofpara 3 ItwasthePhilDonahueshowwheretheguestisafattedcalfandtheaudiencea200 strongflockofvultureshungeringtopickatthebones Huttmannlikensherself theguestofthetalkshow toafattedcalf andtheaudiencetoaflockofmorethan200vultureshungeringtopickatthebones WiththemetaphorsheintendstotellthereaderthatthewayshehandledthecaseofMacwasstronglydisapprovedofbythegeneralpublic andthattheconceptofmercykillingwasunacceptabletothem Para 4 Otherwise hefeltgreat Hehadnothingwrongbutsomecoughing Para 5 withoutevergivingdeathathought NoneofushadeverthoughtthatMacwoulddie Sixmonthsisn tsuchalongtimeinthewholeschemeofthings butitwaslongenoughtoseehimlosehisyouth hiswit hismacho hishair hisbowelandbladdercontrol hissenseoftasteandsmell andhisabilitytodotheslightestthingforhimself Paraphrasing Sixmonthsshouldn tbeconsideredalongperiodoftime butsixmonthsisanunbearablylongpassageoftimewhenwehadtoseehimgraduallyreducedfromastrongandintelligentyoungguytoahelplessanddisabledman 在万物的发展过程中 六个月并不长 但长得足以目睹他失去那么多的东西 年轻的身体 灵活的头脑 强壮的体魄 头发 控制大小便的能力 味觉和嗅觉 还有一丁点儿自理的能力 WhenMachadwastedawaytoa60 poundskeletonWhenMachadbeenreducedtoa60 poundskeletonwasteaway ofapersonorapartofthebody becomeprogressivelyweakerandmoreemaciatede g SheisdyingofAIDS visiblywastingaway Hebecameillandbegantowasteaway i v solutions i v istheabbreviationof intravenous meaning withinavein and i v solutions referstotheliquidsubstancesinfuseddirectlyintotheveinofapatientfortherapeuticpurposes Para 6 WhenMachadwastedawaytoasixty poundskeletonkeptalivebyliquidfoodwepoureddownatube I V solutionswedrippedintohisveins andoxygenwepipedtoamaskonhisface hebeggedus Mercy forGod ssake pleasejustletmego Sufferingthedisease Macwasmuchweakerthanbeforewhocannotlivewithouttheinstrumentsormedicalsubstances Thetreatmentitselfisatorturealso Maccouldnotbeartheagonyanymoreandpleadedfordeath worktheirmiracles resuscitatethepatientwhohasstoppedbreathing makethepatientwhoalmostdiesaliveagain It samiracleprocess irrigatethebigcratersofbedsoresTheverb irrigate normallymeans tosupplywatertolandorcropstohelpgrowth Inmedicine thewordcanbeusedtomean toapplyacontinuousflowofwaterormedicationtoanorganorawound suctionthelungfluidsthatthreatenedtodrownhimdraintheexcessivelungfluidsthatthreatenhislife WhereintheessaycanwefinddescriptionsofMac sconditionwhenhewasbeingtreated WhydoyouthinkHuttmannisbeingsospecificanddetailed paras 6 7 Mostlyinpara 6 andthelatterpartofpara 7 ShegivessuchdetailedandspecificdescriptionsofMac sconditiontomakevividtothereaderthehorrifyingsufferingsMachadtoendure ultimatelytosupportherargumentthatapatientinsuchconditionshouldbegiventherighttodieifheshouldsorequest Para7当他第一次停止呼吸时 护士按动按钮去呼叫遍布整个医院的紧急救命 然后派遣医疗小组赶去抢救这个病人 每次他停止呼吸 有时一天会有两三次 医疗小队又会过来抢救他 医生和技术人员创造着他们的奇迹然后离开 护士们会继续留在那里擦拭着从病人嘴里流出来的唾液 冲洗掉布满他臀部由于褥疮而产生的点点 抽吸掉几乎要把他淹死的肺部液体 清理掉那些像碱液一样会燃烧他的皮肤的粪便 把营养液注入他胃部的管道 把枕头放在他膝盖中间去减轻骨头与骨头碰触的疼痛 每隔两个小时要换掉他的病服以防被汗水浸湿 thatseemedwovenintothefabricofmyuniformthatseemedtohavebecomeanelementofthefabricofmyuniformweavesth intoincludesth asanintegralpartorelement ofafabric includeanelementinastory anartisticwork etc Somegoldenthreadsarewovenintothefabric ArgumentativeparagraphsarenaturallywovenintoHuttmann snarration AndeverynightIprayedthatMacwoulddie thathisagonizedeyeswouldneveragainpleadwithmetolethimdie Paraphrasing EverynightIspoketoGod wishingthatHecouldletMacgopeacefullysothathewouldnolongerlookatmesopainfully beggingmenottolethimsufferanymore tobeliablefornegligencetobeheldresponsibleforfailingtoperformmydutybeliablefortoberesponsibleforbylaw tobelegallyanswerabletobeliabletobelikelytodoortobesomething likelytoexperiencesth unpleasant e g Onceyouhavecontactedthecreditcardprotectionscheme youarenolongerliableforanylossthatmightoccur Heissufferingfromhypertension 高血压 andthusisliabletofallifhegetsuptoosuddenly Thelow lyingareasareliabletofloodsduringtherainyseason Tonotdoitistobeliablefornegligence atleastintheeyesofmanypeople includingsomenurses Paraphrasing Ifwefailorrefusetoresuscitatehim wearelikelytobesuedforcriminalnegligence andatleastmanypeople includingsomeofournurses believethatweshouldbethuspunishedbylaw 8 晚上我回到家试图擦洗掉已经渗透到我工作服的腐烂的肉的味道 它在我的头发里 在我汽车座位的垫子里 洗也洗不掉 每天晚上我祈求着他万分痛苦的双眼不要再恳求我让他死去 9 每天早上我都去向医生请求一个不再紧急治疗的命令 没有那个命令的话 我们就不得不去抢救每个已经停止了呼吸的病人 他 Mac 的医生就是其中一个相信只要有方法和知识去抢救病人 就一定要延长他们的生命的 不这么做就等于要对自己的疏忽负责任 最起码在有些人的眼里 这也包括一些护士 我想着如果Mac停止了呼吸而我没有按动那个救援的按钮 那么当我被控告作为一个杀人者 站在法官面前时 这一切会变得怎么样 whennoamountofpainmedicationstilledhismoaningandagonywhenhispainwassoacutethatnomatterhowmuchpain relievingmedicationwasused hissufferingcouldnotbeeasedstillvt vi e g Heclappedhishandstostilltheagitatedaudience Whennightfell thevillagewhichwasboisterous 喧闹的 withtouristsinthedaytimestilled Iwonderedaboutaspiritualjudge Iwonderediftherewasaspiritualjudge asagainstalegaljudge whowouldbesupportiveofmydecisionnottopushthecodebluebutton thustoputanendtoallthis Wasallthismiseryandsufferingsupposedtobebuildingcharacterorinfusingusallwiththesenseofhumilitythatcomesformimpotence DoesGodinflictallthismiseryandsufferingonusinordertobuildourcharacterorletuslearnhumilitybyknowingthatwearesotinythatwecannotrivalwiththedestiny buildingcharacterdevelopinghispersonalqualities sothathecouldfaceuptotheadversitybetter 10 在抢救Mac52次后 当他头脑还足够清醒时 他再一次向我请求死亡 Maura也在我的怀里崩溃了 当无论再多的止痛药也无法停止他的呻吟和痛苦时 我在思考着一个精神审判 是不是所有的痛苦都应该被拿去塑造个性或者使我们充满由于我们的无能为力而带来的所谓谦逊感 self righteousadj havingacertainty especiallyanunfoundedone thatoneistotallycorrectorsuperiorHeiscriticalofthemonks whomheconsidersnarrow mindedandself righteous 他对僧侣们颇有微词 认为他们思想偏狭 自视清高 meddleininterfereine g Youngpeopletodaydonotliketheirparentstomeddleintheirlives meddlewithtouchorhandlesth withoutpermissione g Youcanusemyroombutyou renotsupposedtomeddlewithmystuffs especiallymycomputer 11 我们相信着只要通过科学就能救人的错误观念 我们 整个医学界 是否已经变得太自大了 认为插手上帝的工作也是我们的责任 道德律令及法律义务 我们是否已经变得过于自以为是 我们真的相信我们有这个权利去强制一个十分痛苦的并恳求能有权利死去的人继续活下去吗 我们所有的医务人员是否变得如此高傲 真会相信科学手段能拯救生命这样的妄想 我们是否变得如此自以为是 把敢于上帝的工作当做是我们的天职 我们的道德责任 我们的法律义务 我们难道真的相信我们有权把 生命 强加给一个痛不欲生 恳求给他死的权利的病人 theblessedreliefofcomaComareferstoastateofdeepunconsciousnessthatlastsforaprolongedperiod causedespeciallybysevereinjuryorillness Wheninacoma thepatientisnotconsciousofanypain That swhyHuttmannthinksitisablessedrelief Ithoughtheatlasthadtheblessedreliefofcoma Comaisarelieftohimwhichismuchbetterthantheclearfeelingofpain Thenarratorthoughthehadcomabecausehewasstillforsolong riddledmewithguiltfilledmewithastrongsenseofguiltTheverbriddleheremeans fillorpermeatesb orsth esp withsth unpleasantorundesirable AclutchofpanicbandedmychestIwassoseizedbypanicthatIfeltsimplysuffocatedclutchn graspbandv surround anobject withsth intheformofastriporring typicallyforreinforcementordecoration usu bebanded e g Thedoorstothewarehouseareallbandedwithirontomakethemstronger Aclutchofpanicbandedmychest drewmyfingertothecodebutton urgedmetodosomething anything Thenursewasnotcold bloodedasthepublicthought TheoriginalpanicandtherespectoflifedrovehertodosomethingoranythingratherthantostandaroundtoseeMacdie awaxenpallorslowlytransformedhisfacefrompersontoemptyshelltheunhealthilypalecolourofhisfaceindicatedthathewassinkingNothingI veeverdoneinmy47yearshastakensomucheffortasittooknottopressthatcodebutton Paraphrasing ItisthetoughestdecisionIhaveeverhadtomakeinthe47yearsofmylifethatIshallnotpressthebuttonthistimetosummonthecodeteam 1 WasitadifficultdecisionforHuttmanntomakenottopushthebuttonintime para 15 Obviouslyitwas assherelatesinpara 15 NothingI veeverdoneinmy47yearshastakensomucheffortasittooknottopressthatcodebutton thelegaltwilightzoneTwilightzonereferstoasituationofconfusionoruncertainty whichseemstoexistbetweentwodifferentstatesorcategories ThusthelegaltwilightzoneHuttmannsayssheenteredherereferstothesituationinwhichheractionofpushingthebuttontocallcodebluecanbedeemedeitherlegalornotlegal Cradlingherinmyarmswaslikecradlingmyself Mac andallthosepatientsandnurseswhohadbeeninthisplacebefore whodothebesttheycaninadeath denyingsociety 译文 怀里搂着她 就像是搂着我自己 迈克 还有每一个曾经在这里的病人和护士 这些人以最大的努力生存在一个否定死亡的社会中 adeath denyingsocietyasocietywhereitsmembersarenotgiventherighttodie Untilthereislegislationmakingitacriminalacttocodeapatientwhohasrequestedtherighttodie Untilitbecomeslawthatitisacriminalacttocallaresuscitationteamtosaveapatientwhohasvoluntarilyaskedfortherighttodie WewillallexperiencethesameasMacdidunlessanewlawisadopted stipulatingthatitshallconstituteacrimetotrytobringbacklifetoapatientwhoisperfectlyjustifiedtoclaimtherighttoendhislife 1 WheredoesHuttmannstateherthesis para 18 Inthelastparagraph Untilthereislegislationmakingitacriminalacttocodeapatientwhohasrequestedtherighttodie wewillallofusriskthesamefateasMac Forwhateverreason wedevelopedthemeanstoprolonglife andnowweareforcedtouseit Wedonothavetherighttodie 1 InthePhilDonahueShowHuttmannasaguestwasaccusedofmurderbymost ifnotall oftheaudiencewithregardtoMac sdeath PutyourselfinHuttmann spositionandgiveatalktodefendyourself 2 ThirtyyearsafterthepublicationofHuttmann sessay euthanasiaisstillanunsettledissueintoday sworld Formtwogroups oneforlegitimizingeuthanasiaandtheotheragainstit andhaveadebateontheissue BodyParagraphsPurposeofBodyParagraphsTheideas facts details andexamplesenclosedinthebodyparagraphsaredesignedtosupportanddevelopthecentralpointstatedintheopening Thebodyparagraphsinanessaymayvaryinnumberdependingonthesubjectmatterandthepurposeforwriting Whilethebodyparagraphsrelatedirectlytothethesisstatementintheopening eachparagraphhasitsownmainideatohighlightandinformationtosupportthatmainidea StrategiesofWritingBodyParagraphsEssaysemployanumberofrhetoricalstrategies eachofwhichdescribesaparticularformofdevelopmentorarrangementofideas Onlyrarelyisanyoneofthesestrategiesemployedalone Instead theyarealmostalwaysusedinacombinationsuitedtothesubjectmatter oftenalongwithoneoranotheroftheprimarymodesofdiscourseaswell Remember theaimofanessayisinvariablyaclearpresentationorexplanationofideas Youmaybaseyourchoiceofastrategyorstrategiesuponseveralfactors yourwritingpurpose thecentralpointofyouressay yourintendedaudience andyourviewpointasawriter ExampleAnessayofmultipleparagraphsmakesitpossibleforyoutodecideflexiblyhowtoapplyandblendstrategieswhenyouwriteanessay Forexample supposeyouwantedtocomparelifeinalargecitywiththatinasmalltown Inonlyasingleparagraph youwouldhavetofocusonafewmajorsimilaritiesanddifferencesandcoverthesebriefly However inanessay youmightevendevoteanentirebodyparagraphtosimilaritiesandanother differences Youmightevendevoteathirdtoanotherstrategy drawingananalogy forinstance orrelatingananecdote GuidelinesforChoosingBodyParagraphStrategiesWhenyouwriteanessay youcancombinestrategiestosuityourpurpose contentandaudience Usethefollowingguidelinestochooseastrategyorcombinationofstrategieswisely Consideryourwritingpurpose Certainstrategiesareespeciallyappropriateforaccomplishingparticularpurposes Forexample forinformativeorpersuasiveessays factsandexamplescansupportyourideasandacompare contrastorcause effectstrategycanhelpexplainthem Foradescriptiveessay youwillwanttousedescription perhapsincombinationwithanalogy Considerthecomplexityofyourideasandinformationandtheknowledgelevelofyouraudience Examplesanddefinitionshelptoclarifydifficultcontent Classification too canmakecomplicatedcontenteasiertofollow Ananalogycanbehelpfulaslongastheanalogyisclearandsound Stayfocusedonyourcentralpoint Strategiesshouldhelptoconveythecentralpointofanessaywithoutdistractingreaders Forexample narrationcaneffectivelyrevealaspectsofsomeone spersonality ifyouchoosearelevantstoryoranecdote However ifthecentralpointofyouressayishowkindheartedyourcousinis then storiesoranecdotesshouldreflectthistrait Ananecdotethatdealswith say yourcousin sloveofmusicwillblurthefocusofyouressayatthispoint Putyourselfinthereader splace Ifyouarenotsurewhetherthestrategyorstrategiesyouhavechosenarethe best touse trytoviewyourcontentasareaderratherthanasawriter Suppose forexample youareplanninganessaytopersuadereadersthatcollegecoursesshouldbegradedonapass failbasis Whatapproachwouldbemostlikelytoconvinceareader Factsandexamples Ananalogy Someotherstrategy Viewingmattersfromthereader svantagepointmayhelpyouchooseyourapproach Beflexible Makeyourwritingricherandmoreexpressivebyexperimentingwithdifferentstrategiesanddifferentcombinationsofstrategies Forexample inaninformativeessayabouthowexerciseimprovesmuscletoneeveninelderlypeople youmightusenarrationtotellaboutaspecificelderlyperson simprovedstrengthafterbeginninganexerciseprogram CoherenceinBodyParagraphsCoherenceinanessaycanbecreatedbycarefullyorganizingmainideasandsupportinginformationinthebodyparagraphs Methodsoforganizationincludechronologicalorder spatialorder andorderofimportanceorinterest Youcanalsocreatecoherenceinanessaybyusingtransitionstojoinideasandinformationtocreateasmoothflow 1 Sixmonthsshouldn tbeconsideredalongperiodoftime butsixmonthsisanunbearablylongpassageoftimewhenwehadtoseehimgraduallyreducedfromastrongandintelligentyoungguytoahelplessanddisabledman 2 EverynightIspoketoGod wishingthatHecouldletMacgopeacefullysothathewouldnolongerlookatmesopainfully beggingmenottolethimsufferanymore 3 Ifwefailorrefusetoresuscitatehim wearelikelytobesuedforcriminalnegligence andatleastmanypeople includingsomeofournurses believethatweshouldbethuspunishedbylaw 4 ItisthetoughestdecisionIhaveeverhadtomakeinthe47yearsofmylifethatIshallnotpressthebuttonthistimetosummonthecodeteam 5 WewillallexperiencethesameasMacdidunlessanewlawisadopted stipulatingthatitshallconstituteacrimetotrytobringbacklifetoapatientwhoisperfectlyjustifiedtoclaimtherighttoendhislife 1 AcharacteristictheseRussiancompos