英语写作离线作业(必)答案.doc

浙江大学远程教育学院英语写作课程作业（必做）姓名：学 号：年级：学习中心：Chapter 2 Diction (措词)1. List three levels of words and give several examples for each level. Formalwords:accommodation,approximately,commenceCommon words: room, abut, start, Colloquial words:There aint nothin wrong with me. (isnt anything) Hey are you gonna move or what? (going to)2. What are the denotation and connotation of a word?Denotation: what a word stands for without any emotional associations.Connotation: the emotional, social, and political associations a word has in addition to its denotative meaning3. Fill in each blank with one of the following words: kill, assassinate, execute, massacre, slaughter, murder1) Two people were _killed_ in a car accident.2） Martin Luther King was _assassinated_ by a white people. 3） He is likely to be _executed_ as a murderer this year.4） They cruelly _ slaughtered/massacred _ all the people in the village.5）According to the police, he _murdered_ his rival in cold blood. 4. List at least 9 types of figures of speech and give an example for each. (1)Simile: It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by word as or like. E.g. Her face is like a red apple.(2) Metaphor: It is an implied comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is Not indicated by the word as or like. E.g. My life is one long curve, full of turning points.(3)Personification: It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. E.g. This time fate was smiling to him.(4) Metonymy: It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another, with which it is closely associated. E.g. Have you ever read Shakespeare.(5)Synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied. E.g. The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.(6) Overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement:Overstatement is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis.Understatement intentionally downplays the seriousness of a situation or sentiment by saying less that is really meant.E.g. She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.(7)Transferred epithetAn epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.E.g. She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless night.(8)Oxymoron: In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.E.g. When the news of the failure came, all his friends said it was a victorious defeat.(9) Alliteration: It refers to the appearance of the same consonant sound in two or more words.E.g. Proud as a peacock. Chapter 3 The Sentence (造句)1. List the types of sentences in terms of structure, function and rhetoric respectively and give an example for each type. (1) In terms of function, sentences can be classified into the following four types.(a) Declarative sentence-Jack is handsome.(b) Interrogative sentence-Is Jack handsome?(c) Imperative sentence-Lets go.(d) Exclamatory sentence-How handsome Jack is!(2) In terms of structure, sentence can be classified into the following four types.(a) Simple sentence: The dog barked.(b) Compound sentence: The dog barked, and the cat yowled.(c) Complex sentence: The dog that was in the street howled loudly.(d) Compound-complex sentence: When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fail.(3) From a rhetoric point of view, sentences can be classified into the following two types.In a loose sentence, the basic statement goes before additional details.E.g. I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada, considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters.In a periodic sentence, additional details are placed before the basic statement.E.g. Considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters, I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada.2. What are the features of an effective sentence?Unity;coherence;conciseness;emphasis;variety3. List several types of common sentence problems and the strategies to solve these problems. (1) Sentence fragmentsTwo strategies to revise a fragment”(a) Attach the fragment to an adjacent independent clause.(b) Turn the fragment into a sentence.(2) Run-onsStrategies to revise run-ons:(a) Revising with periods(b) Revising with semicolons.(c) Revising with coordinating conjunctions.(d) Revising with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.(3) Misplaced and dangling modifiersStrategy to correct a misplaced modifier:Place phrases as close as possible to the words they modify.Two strategies to correct a dangling modifier:(a) Creating a new subject(b) Creating a dependent clauseChapter 4 The Paragraph (段落)1. What are the features of an effective paragraph?Unity, coherence, transition2. List several patterns of paragraph development and give some examples for each pattern.Development by time, process, space, example and generalization, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, classification, definition and a combination of methods.3. List several strategies for effective introductions and conclusions.Strategies for effective introduction:Beginning with quotation or series or quotations; beginning with question or series of questions; beginning with definition; or beginning with controversial statement.Strategies for effective conclusions:Ending with the prediction; ending with warning; ending with recommendation for action; or ending with quotation.4. Which sentence is the topic sentence in the following paragraph?My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.The topic sentence in the paragraph is: My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Chapter 5 The Whole Composition (完整的作文)1. What are the features of an effective composition?Unity; good logic; balanced structure; important, interesting and fresh idea; clear, accurate and appropriate expression.2. What is a description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.3. What details should a writer pay great attention to when describing a person? Give some examples. In describing a person, the writer should give details of his appearance, character, thoughts and feeling, See the examples on the P114115 of our book. 4. What is a narration?To narrate id is to give an account of an event or series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, biographies, histories, new items, and narrative poems.5. What aspects should a writer consider when planning a narrative? Give some examples.Context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose6. What is an exposition?An expository paper explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the cause of a natural o social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.7. How can a writer achieve clarity when writing an exposition?(1) Limit the subject or scope of discussion, for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay.(2) Prepare enough materials (details or examples) to help the explanation.(3) Present the facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject. (4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well ambiguous expressions.(5) Make the exposition, if possible, interesting and moving.8. List five patterns to plan an exposition, and explain the principles a writer should keep in mind when using each of the five patterns to plan an exposition. (1) Illustration a. Selecting sufficient examples wisely which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant. b. Arranging these examples logically - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climatically. (2) Division and classification a. Choosing an appropriate principle of division/classification suited to your purpose. b. Applying your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping(3) Comparison and contrast a. Only items of the same general class can be compared /contrasted.b. A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns: the subject by subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern. c. The comparison/contrast should be balanced; the two items being compared/contrasted are to be given equal treatment. d. The comparison/contrast should be supported by concrete and relevant facts.d. The comparison/contrast should be supported by concrete and relevant facts. e. A comparison/contrast shows similarities and differences in order to make a particular point.(4) Cause and effect a. Do not over-simplify causes. b. Beware especially of making a mistake in logic known as the fallacy of post hoc, ergo proper hoc. c. Distinguish between direct and indirect causes and effects and between major and minor causes and effects. d. Do not omit links in a chain of causes and effects. e. Be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence.(5) Definition a. A definition paper discusses abstract terms such as liberty, equality, etc., the denotative and especially connotative meanings of which are often different to different people.b. A definition paper answers fully, though often implicitly, the question “What is ?”. c. Definition papers follow no patterns. d. A definition paper may be either deductive or inductive.9. What is an argumentation?An argumentative essay tries to make readers agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade them to change their mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.10. What are the features of an effective argumentation? A debatable point, sufficient evidence, good logic, clear logic, good use of the other three types of writing, an honest and friendly attitudeChapter 8 The Research Paper (论文)1. Describe the process of writing a research paper.(1) Choosing a topic.(2) Collecting information. (3) Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline.(4) Writing the first draft. (5) Revising the draft and finalizing the paper.2. Describe the structure of an academic paper. (1) Thesis statement and outline (2) Introduction (3) Body (4) Conclusion (5) Notes and bibliographyChapter 9 Practical writing (应用文)1. Describe the format of a notice.Date and time, place, activity, background information, other details2. Write a note of appointment, apology, invitation, request and thanks respectively. Refertotheexamplesonpages286-294ofthetextbook1. Describe the format of a letter.A letter has six parts: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close and the signature.2. Describe the format of a curriculum vitae.A curriculum vitae generally contains the following information: name, address, telephone, marital status, education, professional/work experience, awards/honors and scholarships, publications, professional affiliations/memberships, languages, references/referees, etc. 3. Write a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have heard that your friend, Jack, wishes to sell his walkman. Write him a note expressing your interest in it, asking him about its condition and offering a price for it.DearJack, Ihaveheardthatyouwanttosellyourwalkman.Youknow,