英语长难句经典200 句解析.doc

考研英语长难句经典200 句解析1Tight-lipped elders used to say, “Its not what you want in this world, but what you get.”结构分析：本句的主干是elders used to say。直接引语中是主系表结构, 注意notbut 结构。参考译文：出言谨慎的长辈们过去常说，“问题不是你在这个世界上想要什么，而是你能得到什么。”2You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, andeach of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.结构分析：这句话是and 连接的两个并列句。在第一个分句中，as 是连词，引导比较状语从句，把a mental blueprint of a desire 和a blueprint of a house 相比较。第二个分句中的主干结构是：each of us ismaking blueprints。第二个分句中用一般进行时表示经常发生的事情。这样的结构常常用来表达经常发生的令人不快的、令人讨厌的事情。参考译文：你可以在脑子里为你的愿望画一幅蓝图，就象给房子画蓝图那样。实际上，在日常生活中，我们每一个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。3 While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, yourexperience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilitiesmust be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.结构分析：and 连接两个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：employer is deciding whether; 第二个分句的主干是：your “wares” and abilities must be displayed。第一个分句中while 引导了一个伴随性动作talking 作时间状语，decide 后面接了一个whether 引导的宾语从句：whether your education, your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you。参考译文：你的未来雇主在与你谈话时，就在掂量，你的教育背景、工作经历及其他资历是否能使其受益，而你的“商品”和能力必须合理而有序地展示出来。4 When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you havesomething tangible to sell.结构分析：when 引导时间状语从句，主句是：you have something tangible to sell。注意本句中have+n.+to do 这个结构。参考译文：当你精心准备好自己能力和愿望的蓝图后，你就有具体明确的东西可以推销了。5They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion,parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 perhousehold.结构分析：句子的主干是They are broughtfor an annual license fee, 其中谓语部分用了被动语态。实际结构是bring 后接双宾语bring sb sth,在这句话中，直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列：前面的名词是用逗号连接，最后两个并列成分用and 连接。参考译文：每户每年交83 英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。6The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for thetime being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debatein Britain.结构分析：句子的结构是but 连接了两个转折关系的句子。其中at least for the time being 前后用逗号与句子其他部分分开，是插入语。前一句子的主干结构是The Corporation will survive as, 后一个句子的主干是its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject。参考译文：英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。7The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of theBBC including ordinary listeners and viewers to say what was good or bad about theCorporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.结构分析：这句话的主干是The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被动语态。后面which引导非限制性定语从句修饰government, 定语从句中不定式to say 后面是两个并列的宾语从句，一个由what 引导，一个由whether 引导，两部分用and 连接，副词even 表示进一步强调。另外两个破折号之间的部分属于插入部分，是用来进一步定义anyone 的。anyone 后面的with 介词词组也是用来修饰anyone的。参考译文：英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC 有看法的人包括普通的听众和观众对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去8The BBC “isnt broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from theword “broke”, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?结构分析：这句话是so 连接的两个因果关系的句子。they say 是插入语。which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分。参考译文：他们说“BBC 没有破产”，意思是说公司没有垮，那干吗自找麻烦去改变它呢？9But it is the arrival of new satellite channels funded partly by advertising and partly byviewers subscriptions which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.结构分析：首先这个句子使用了强调结构：it is which, which 指代前面的channels。破折号中间的插入成分相当于定语，(which are ) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions 修饰channels。其中and 连接两个partly by。参考译文：但新的卫星频道的出现部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费从长远来看会带来最大的变化。10The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professionalelement and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of familyfirms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.结构分析：这句话的主干是The change metrequirementsand prevented the decline。其中byengaging a large professional element 是说明met the technical requirements 的方式。the decline in efficiency后面的that 引导定语从句修饰前面的decline in efficiency。参考译文：这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并阻止了效率的降低，这种效率的降低使得许多家族商行在那些精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、第三代手中破产倒闭。11Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbersand importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsiblewealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detachedfrom the responsible management of business.结构分析：这个句子的主干是manipulationincreased the numbers and importance of shareholders asa class。其中an element 是class 的同位语。representing irresponsible wealth 是现在分词，作定语修饰前面的element, detached from 是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is 的定语从句。and 连接两个detached from, 都修饰前面的wealth。参考译文：这种大规模地、非个人性地对资本和企业进行操作，极大地增加了作为一个阶层的股东的数量和重要性，作为国民生活的一部分，股东阶层代表着不承担责任的财富与土地拥有者应尽义务的分离，而且同样与企业的责任管理分离。12Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classeswho had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate theirorders to the management.结构分析：句子主干是Townssprang up to houseclasses,后面两个who 引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except 是介词，它后面的that 指代relation。_drawing 和attending 是并列关系，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management 作目的状语。理解这个句子的关键在两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes。参考译文：像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，是为了给大批隐退的享乐阶层人士在这里过着舒适的生活。他们依赖丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，向管理人员发号施令，他们与外界没有联系。13The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmenemployed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capitaland labour was not good.结构分析：这个句子是and 连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干是The “shareholders” had noknowledge。employed 作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were ( employed by) 。which 引导定语从句in which he held shares 修饰前面的company。第二个句子的主干是his influencewas not good，是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。参考译文：这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。14The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and theirdemands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which theemployer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business nowpassing away.4结构分析：这个句子是but 连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是the manager was in more direct relation with。第一个句子中acting for 是现在分词作定语，修饰manager。第二个句子的主干是he had seldom thatknowledge of the workmen。which 引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge。Passing away 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family business。under the morepatriarchal system of the old family business 是介词词组作状语，修饰谓语动词had often had。参考译文：代公司进行管理的领薪经理与工人及其需求有更直接的关系，但他们甚至也已不像当年更具家长管理式的制度下的企业老板那样熟悉工人的情况。15 Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementaryschools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums toinventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about thingstechnological.结构分析：句首是介词词组作状语，谓语动词would single out 后面用分号分隔开的各个部分是名词性词组，这些都是single out 的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology 中that 引导定语从句，修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological 是后置定语，修饰前面的things。参考译文：在诸多形成因素中，我想挑选出这些：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；奖励发明者的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术问题时所具有的非语言的，“空间”思维的天赋。16Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educationaladvantage.结构分析：句子主干是observers related A to B。参考译文：目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和发明创造这种教育优势联系起来。17A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patentsystem and for years ran parallel with it.结构分析：这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干是stimulus came from。其中逗号后的which 引导了一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的“premium” system。句末的it 指代前面的patent system。定语从句中，and 连接了两个并列的谓语动词：preceded 和ran。参考译文：推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于专利制度之前，且有好多年与专利制度同时运作。18Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith inthe beneficence of technological advance.结构分析：句子的主干是Americans flocked to these fairs，后面的动词不定式to admire the newmachines and thus to renew 都是表明flocked 的目的，作状语。参考译文：美国人纷纷涌向博览会去欣赏新机械，也因此更加坚信技术进步造福人类。19As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot bereduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in5their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”结构分析：句子的主体部分是直接引语，有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects, 其中that 引导了定语从句that cannot bereduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions 修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中，that 引导定语that as yet do not exist 修饰前面的devices。参考译文：正如尤金4 弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式来处理 设计者和发明者能在头脑中组装并操作那些尚不存在的机械装置。”20Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges,wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition ofhis thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”结构分析：句子结构是Robert Fulton once wrote + 直接引语。直接引语中，句子的主干是The mechanicshould sit down。like 在这里是连词，“如同，同样”，构成比较。like a poet 后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts 是现在分词作状语，表示伴随动作，其中them 指代前面的letters。后面的which 引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmitsa new idea 修饰前面的exhibition。参考译文：罗伯特5 富尔顿曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应把它们看作为自己思想的一种表达，每一个新组合都能传达一个新的意念。”21The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry thatthere are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe andlife.结构分析：句子的主干是The goal will be to try to explain,其中explain 后面接的是双宾语：explain to sb sth, 这里sth 是that 引导的宾语从句：there are not。参考译文：所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑而且常常是还不开通的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源与演化问题而言，不可能存在着两个同样站得住脚的科学理论。22“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classroomswhenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.结构分析：句子的主干是creationism is based on religion , not science。其中which 引导了一个非限制性定语从句which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms 修饰creationism, 在这一定语从句中，whenever 引导时间状语从句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。参考译文：有人竭力宣扬“科学”神造论，每当课堂上讲授进化论时，这些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释这一学说。神造论是以宗教为基础的，而非科学。23In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. Hedescribes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.结构分析：第一句话的主干是he takes offand gives,第二句话是and 连接的两个并列句。在第二个分句中，前面插入了一个介词词组：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar 相6当于省略了who are 的定语从句，修饰those。their programmes and tactics 和their deception and distortion中的两个their 都指代creationists。参考译文：在书的最后三章，他毫不客气地对神造论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的活动和战术，对那些不了解神造论者做事方式的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。24On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reasonitself.” And so it does and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.结构分析：第一句话中用了直接引语做宾语。第二句话是对第一句的赞同，破折号后作进一步解释；其中隐含一个if 引导的状语从句表示虚拟语气。在正式的文体中，倒装句可以用来代替if 引导的表示假设的状语从句。were reason the only judge in the creationism /evolution debate 相当于if reason were the onlyjudge in the creationism /evolution debate。参考译文：这部优秀作品的封面上引用了斯蒂芬6 杰6 古尔德的一句话，“这本书本身代表理性”。的确如果理性是神造论和进化论之争的唯一裁判标准，一切问题就已解决了。25 After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, AustraliasNorthern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the livesof incurably ill patients who wish to die.结构分析：句子的主干是Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority,其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 相当于定语从句，修饰legal authority, who 引导定语从句修饰前面的patients。参考译文：经过6 个月的争论和最后16 个小时的激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区当局成为全世界第一个立法允许医生可以根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法机构。26Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and theAustralian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But thetide is unlikely to turn back.结构分析：第一句中逗号前后表示对比：Some have breathedothersbitterly attacked,其中others 后面的including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association 是对其进一步解释。Its passage 中的its 指代前面提到的the bill。第二句与第一句是转折的关系。参考译文：一些机构如释重负，其他一些机构，包括教会、倡导生命权利的组织以及澳大利亚医学会都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但是大势已定，无法逆转。27In Australiawhere an aging population, life-extending technology and changing communityattitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law todeal with euthanasia.结构分析：句子的主干是other states are going to consider。句首的in Australia 是介词词组作地点状语，后面where 引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing7community attitudes have all played their part，进一步说明Australia 的情况。参考译文：在澳大利亚，老龄化人口，寿命延长技术和变化的公众态度，这些因素都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来解决安乐死问题。28After a “cooling off ” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After48 hours the wish for death can be met.结构分析：两个句子都是简单句。第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a “cooling off ” periodof seven days。第二句使用了被动语态the wish can be met。参考译文：在经过7 天的冷静期之后，病人可签署一份申请证明。48 小时后，就可以满足其安乐死的愿望。29There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxidrivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deservescomment.结构分析：第一个句子是there be 结构，of course 是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。注意双重否定结构，hardly unknown 表示肯定。第三句使用了sothat 结构: 其中made so frequently 是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。It 指代observation。参考译文：当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员、粗鲁的侍者和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。但因为人们常有上述的结论，所以这就值得评论一番了。30Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outsideworld.结构分析：句子的主干是Strangers and travelers were welcomeand brought。注意diversion 在本句中作“解闷，消遣娱乐”讲。参考译文：陌生人和旅行者给他们的生活带来了娱乐消遣，因而受到欢迎，同时还带来了外面世界的消息。31Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to thenearest cabin or settlement.结构分析：本句是一个简单句。traveling alone 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone, if hungry,injured, or ill 实际上是简略的if 引导的状语从句，这里作插入成分。注意后半句中的turn to结构。参考译文：单独旅行时如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的村民或村落求助32It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of thesettlers.结构分析：句子的主干是it was not a matter of choice or merely a charitable impulse ,是主语+系动词+表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由or 连接。参考译文：这对旅行者来说不只是一个选择的问题，而对居民来说也并非是一时行善的冲动。33The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor asartificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.结构分析：本句的主干是The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as Anor B, but as C, 使用了被动语态。其中neither.nor 结构后面用的是同样的词性成分：形容词superficial8和artificial。参考译文：很多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应被看作是表面的或虚假的，而应当看成是一个文化传统历史发展的结果。34 As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.结构分析：本句的主干是a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships。As 在这里是一个代词，表示“这一情况，这一事实”。参考译文：任何发达国家的情况都是一样，在美国，所有社会相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号，各种设想和传统习惯。35 The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear thatsubstances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.结构分析：句子的主干是The phrase “substance abuse” is often used to make clear, to make clearthat 是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。That 后面接的是宾语从句作动词make clear 的宾语。注意asas 的用法。参考译文：他们经常用“药品滥用”这个短语来代替“毒品滥用”以便弄清许多物质，如酒精、烟草，如果滥用就与海洛因和可卡因一样有毒。36We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, acigarette for the nerves.结构分析：句子的主干是We live in a society, 后面which 引导宾语从句in which the medicinal andsocial use of substances (drugs) is pervasive, 修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始可以略去不看。冒号前面的部分是动词不定式，相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心词，表示其功效。参考译文：我们生活的社会当中，物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用很普及：服用阿斯匹林来缓解头痛，喝点酒来交际，早晨喝咖啡提神，吸烟来消除紧张。37Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substancerequired to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawalsymptoms when the substance is discontinued.结构分析：句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked first by, and then by,其逗号隔开的部分是with+ n.+ 过去分词作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued 是表示时间的状语从句。注意and 连接两个by 引导的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能把握句子的主干了。参考译文：对药物的依赖首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的结果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，会出现难受的停药症状。38Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants, or hallucinogens.结构分析：这是一个简单句。句子的主干是Psychoactive substances aregrouped according to,使用了被动语态。其中whether 引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介词9according to 的宾语。参考译文：精神刺激性药品通常可分为兴奋剂，镇静剂和幻觉剂。39 “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole askedTime Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nationand threaten our children as well?”结构分析：这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warnerexecutives last week, 前后是直接引语。这个直接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句，后面由两个转折关系的句子构成，由连词but 连接。第一个分句是简单句，but 后面的句子是一个一般疑问句。由情态动词must 引导，包括由and 连接的两个并列部分，