法国人文地理

France Geography Location LocatedinWesternEuropeBorderstheBayofBiscayandEnglishChannelBetweenBelgiumandSpain southeastoftheUnitedKingdomBorderingtheMediterraneanSea betweenItalyandSpain Climate Generallycoolwintersandmildsummers MildwintersandhotsummersalongtheMediterraneanOccasionalstrong cold dry north to northwesterlywindknownasmistral Terrain MostlyflatplainsorgentlyrollinghillsinnorthandwestRemainderismountainous especiallyinPyreneesinthesouthandtheAlpsintheEastLandutilityForfarmingArableland 33 46 permanentcrops 2 03 permanentpastures 20 forestsandwoodland 27 other 18 Environment NaturalResourcesCoal ironore bauxite zinc uranium antimony arsenic potash feldspar fluorospar gypsum timberandfishNaturalhazards FloodingAvalanchesMidwinterwindstormsDroughtandforestfiresinsouthneartheMediterranean Currentissues SomeforestdamagefromacidrainAirpollutionfromindustrialandvehicleemissionsWaterpollutionfromurbanwastesandagriculturalrunoff RegionsofFrance TheFrenchRepublichas4overseasterritoriesduetoitshistoryasacolonialpower Theyhavethesamestatusasmetropolitanregions muchlikeHawaii sequalstatustoacontinentalU S state Theyareoverseasd partements d partementd outre mer orDOM withthesamestatusasad partementofmetropolitanFranceTheseoverseasdepartments unlikeoverseascollectivities arerepresentedinNationalAssembly SenateandEconomicandSocialCouncil electaMemberoftheEuropeanParliament MEP andalsousetheEuroastheircurrency FrenchGuiana Location NorthernSouthAmerica borderingtheNorthAtlanticOcean betweenBrazilandSurinameClimate Tropical hot humidLittleseasonaltemperaturevariationTerrain Low lyingcoastalplainsrisingtohillsandsmallmountainsFarmland arableland0 13 permanentcrops0 04 other99 83 90 forest 10 other NaturalResources golddeposits petroleum kaolin niobium tantalumandclay Martinique Location CaribbeanIslandbetweentheCaribbeanSeaandNorthAtlanticOcean northofTrinidadandTobagoClimate subtropicaltemperedbytradewindsModeratelyhighhumidity rainyseason JunetoOctoberVulnerabletodevastatingcyclone hurricanes everyeightyearsonaverageTerrain mountainouswithindentedcoastline dormantvolcanoFarmland arableland9 09 permanentcrops10 0 other80 91 Guadeloupe Location CaribbeanIslandsbetweentheCaribbeanSeaandNorthAtlanticOcean southeastofPuertoRicoClimate subtropicaltemperedbytradewinds moderatelyhighhumidityRainyseason JunetoOctober Vulnerabletodevastatingcyclones hurricanes everyeightyearsonaverageTerrain volcanicinoriginwithinteriormountains Reunion Location SouthernAfricaIslandintheIndianOcean eastofMadagascarClimate tropical buttemperaturemoderateswithelevationCoolandcry MaytoNovemberHotandrainy NovembertoAprilTerrain mostlyRuggedandMountainous fertilelowlandsalongcoastFarmland arableland13 94 permanentcrops1 59 other84 47 History ThenameFrancecomesfromtheLatinwordFranciawhichmeans landoftheFranks or Frankland Gaul TheregionofmodernFranceisapproximatelythesameastheancientcountrycalledGaul1stcenturyBCGaulcapturedbyJuliesCaesar2nd 3rdcenturyADRomanculturehadbeenincorporatedintosociety 4thcenturyADtheeasternborderofGaularoundtheRhinewastakenoverbyGermanictribes mostlybytheFranks843ADtheTreatyofVerdunendedCharlemagne scontrolofFrance ThetreatydividedtheCharlemagne sCarolingianEmpireintothreeparts EasterFrancia MiddleFrancia WesternFranciaModernFranceiscomposedofthelandofWesternFrancia France FrancewasruledbyCarolingiansuntil987ADwhenHughCapet DukeofFranceandCountofParis wascrownedKingofFranceTheFrenchmonarchyreacheditspeakwithLouisXIV1789 FrenchRevolutionendedtheruleofthemonarchy Duringtherevolution themonarchsKingLouisXVIandMarieAntoinettewereexecuted NapoleonBonaparte 1799 NapoleonBonapartegainedcontroloftheRepublicBonapartenamedhimselfEmperoroftheFirstFrenchEmpire 1804 1814 1815 BattleofWaterloo Bonaparte sdefeatandexileAfterwards Francetransitionedthroughaseriesofrepublicsandempires TimelineofRepublicsandEmpires 1870 1940 FrenchThirdRepublic 1848 1852 FrenchSecondRepublic 1792 1804 FrenchRepublic 1804 1814 FrenchFirstEmpireEmperorNapoleonBonaparte NapoleonI 1946 1958 FrenchFourthRepublic 1852 1870 FrenchSecondEmpireEmperorLouis NapoleonBonaparte akaNapoleonIII 1958 Present FrenchFifthRepublic ImportantWars 1789 1799 FrenchRevolutionJuly18 1815 BattleofWaterlooBonaparte sdefeatJuly19 1870 May10 1871 Franco PrussianWar1914 1918 WorldWarI1939 1945 WorldWarIIDecember1946 August1954 FirstIndochinaWar FrenchRevolution Military Branches ArmyNavyAirForceNationalGendarmerieNolongerconstrictiveservice Minimumeligibleageis17 Womenareabletoservehoweverasnon combativeunits Thecurrentavailableservicemembersare malesage17 49 13 676 509femalesage17 49 13 504 539 CIA2005est Theyspendanapproximated2 6 oftheirGDPonmilitary Thisamountsto 48 646 000 000 000 Culture LiteratureandPoetry TheFrenchlanguagewasnotyetauniformlanguagebutitwassplitupintoseveraloildialectsFrenchliteratureoriginatedintheMiddleAgesIncluding TristanandIseultandLancelot GrailMuchofFrenchpoetrywasinfluencedbytheMatterofFrance ataleofepicsFrenchPoetry PerroutdeSaintCloude s RomandeRenart ArthurFran oisRabelais sworkwasveryinfluentialtotheFrenchlanguageChr tiendeTroyeswasanimportantwriterfromtheMedievaltimes18thand19thcentury duringtheRenaissance wastheheightofFrenchliteratureandpoetryWriterslikeVoltaireandJeanJacques RousseauemergedFamousFrenchliterature TheThreeMusketeers TheCountofMonteCristo TwentyThousandLeaguesUndertheSea andTheHunchbackofNotreDame FamousLiteratureandAuthors Sports Popularsportsincludebasketball handball rugbyunion andfootball soccer FrancehoststheannualTourdeFranceMostfamousroadbicycleraceintheworldFranceisalsofamousforthe24HoursofLeManscompetitionItisasportscarenduranceraceThenationalfootballteamandnationalrugbyteamarenicknamed LesBleus theblues Marianne MarianneisthesymboloftheFrenchRepublic SherepresentslibertyandappearedduringtheFrenchRevolution MontSaintMichelisasiteinFrancethatispopulartotouristsTheEiffelTowerisamajorlandmarkinParis FranceThePalaisdespapes Palaceofpopes inAvignonisalsoamajorlandmark MontSaintMichel Palaisdespapes EiffelTower Landmarks Food Frenchcuisine EmphasisonfamousFrenchwineChampagne comingfromtheChampagneregionofFranceCheesesProducesover400kindsofcheesesCookingstyles Themostexquisitecuisinesarecalledhautecuisine Art PaintingbyClaudeMonet ArtinancientFrancecanbetracedbacktothePaleolithicage 10 000 32 000yrsago CavepaintingshavebeenfoundinAltamira FontdeGaume Lascaux LesCombarelles NiauxCaveandLesTroisFr res Pierre AugusteRenoirandClaudeMonetareamongthemostfamouspaintersfromFrance TheywerepartoftheimpressionistartmovementinEurope ImportantFactsaboutCulture TheFrenchnationalflagwasmadeduringtheFrenchRevolution Itisatricolorflagwithverticalbandsofblue white andred TheflagwasmadefamousbyMarquisdeLafayetteTheoriginoftheFrenchkingdomisdatedto496becauseitmarksthreeimportantfeaturesofthecountrywhichare ThedefinitionofaterritorialboundaryThedefinitionofapowerrule successionbyheir Thedefinitionofasocialsystem3groupsofpeople warriors priests andworkersFrance smottois Libert galit Fraternit Liberty Equality Brotherhood Since1880 thenationalholidayofFranceistheF teNationale NationalHoliday Itiscelebratedonthe14thofJuly ItcelebratestheF tedelaF d ration Demographics Totalpopulation 62 752 136Language French100 withrapidlydecliningregionaldialectsandlanguagesofPovencal Breton Alsatian Corsican Catalan Basque FlemishBirthrateof11 99births 1 000populationanddeathrateof9 14deaths 1 000populationReligion RomanCatholic83 88 Protestant2 Jewish1 Muslim5 10 unaffiliated4 Race CelticandLatinwithTeutonic Slavic NorthAfrican Indochinese BasqueminoritiesCountry spopulationsharplyincreasedwiththebabyboomfollowingWorldWarII FrenchRepublic RepubliqeFrancaise TheFrenchRepublic FranceisarepublicwithParisashercapital Thefifthrepublic Thenationiscomposedoftwenty sixregions fourofwhichareoverseas Ofthe22regions thereare96metropolitandepartments Independence 486AD BastilleDay BastilleDay 14July1790istheNationalHoliday Contrarytopopularbelief BastilleDaycelebratesthefirstanniversaryfollowingthestormingoftheBastillein1789 TheFrenchRepublic Francehasuniversalsuffragewithminimumageofeighteen Womenattainedsuffragein1944 Acceptedcurrency theEuro adoptedon1January20024October1958theFrenchconstitutionenactedandrevisedin1962 TheFrenchRepublic Thethreebranchesofgovernmentincludetheexecutive legislativeandjudicial Thepresidentiselectedeveryfiveyears PresidentChirachasbeeninpowersince1995 Theprimeministerisappointedbythepresidentandconfirmedbytheparliament DominiqueDeVillepinisthecurrentprimeminister PresidentChirac front andDominiqueDeVillepin back TheFrenchRepublic TheparliamentcomprisesofaNationalAssemblyandSenate TheNationalAssemblyisdirectlyelectedbytheFrenchpeoplewith577membersinfiveyearterms Throughanelectoralcollege 318areelectedtotheSenatewithnineyeartermsandonethirdupofseatsareupforelection Aconstitutionalcouncilprovidesasachecksystemfortheparliament Membersofthiscouncilareappointed TheFrenchNationalAssembly Paris TheFrenchRepublic Thecourtsystemissetincivillaw Acasecanmovefromcourts courtsofappeal andasthecourtoflastresort Courdecassation OthercourtsinFranceincludeConseild Etat whichacceptsadministrativecases whichCourdecassationholdsnojurisdiction CourtsofAssizeswhichtriescrimesofseveritythroughthreejudgesandninejurors Thosetriedarepresumedinnocentuntilprovenguilty PoliticalParties RassemblementpourlaR publique Chirac sparty TheSocialistpartyUnionpourlaDemocratieFran aiseFrenchCommunistparty FrenchCommunistPartyHeadquarters GovernmentOrganizations EuropeanUnion EU NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization NATO UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilpermanentmember WorldTradeOrganizationWorldHealthOrganizationOSCE InternationalLaborOrganizationG 5 G 7 G 8 andG 10 GovernmentOrganizations cont d UndertheUNSecuritycouncil from1946 2003Francehasusedhervetopowereighteentimes FranceisalsoanoriginalmemberoftheEuropeanUnion beginningin1957 whichwasoriginallytitleastheEuropeanCommunity FranceandGermanyhavestrengthenedtheirrelationshipsinceWWII encouragingstrongerdefensesoftheEU FrenchFlag Theflagisknownas Ledrapeautricolore Economics Eco