语言学教程(第四版)练习 第4章.doc

Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013级英语本科2、4班专用 LIUMINGChapter Four From Word to TextI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.Which of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutability ? A. Associative relation B. Paradigmatic relation C. Vertical relation D. Horizontal relation2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _. A. relative clauses B. adverbial clauses C. coordinate clauses D. subordinate clauses3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT _. A. subjects and objects B. objects and predicators C. modifiers and complements D. endocentric and exocentric4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _. A. inflection B. following a preposition C. word order D. vertical relation5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _ and _. A. subject; object B. subject; predicate C. predicate; object D. object; predicate6. Phrase structure rules have _ properties.A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the world ? A. Word order B. Genetic classification C. Areal classification D. Social classification8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is _. A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome9. The phrase on the shelf belongs to _ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a _ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complexII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1. The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.2. One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.3. According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structure contain all the information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.4. In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of pronouns.5. Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation.6. Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong to endocentric types of constriction.7. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.8. In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neither constituent stands for the verb-object sequence.9. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.10. In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur as daughters and co-heads of a higher S.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads and consequently, they can be called m_.2. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the bracket is a c_ clause.3. In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have another two terms, p_ and n_.4. There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_, which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.5. Recursiveness, together with o_, is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.6. Traditionally, p_ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy, positioned between clause and word.7. The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identity the s_ relationship between words in a sentence.8. Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, p_, and gerundial phrase.9. Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n_.10. English gender contrast can only be observed in g_ and a small number of l_ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Relation of co-occurrence4. Category5. RecursivenessV. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B. A B(1) syntactic relationa. number, gender and case(2) grammatical constructionb. conjoining and embedding(3) syntactic functionc. syntagmatic relation(4) categoryd. substitutability(5) recusivenesse. coordination and subordination(6) positional relationf. hypotactic and paratactic relations(7) associative relationg. conjunction, ellipsis, reference(8) sentential connectionh. subject, predicate and object(9) cohesionI. finite and non-infinite(10) clausej. paradigmatic relationVI. Answer the following question.1. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?2. What are the basic functional terms in syntax?VII. Essay question.1. Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b.a. John is easy to please.b. John is eager to please.2. Comment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical”I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they are capable of yielding an infinite number of sentences.2. Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normally a sentence consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object.3. The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order.4. a.John his upon an idea. b.An idea hit upon John.In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category.5. Though they are of a small number, the combinational rules are powerful enough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones.6. In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are not only Nouns, but also Noun Phrases.7. The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-based grammar, but not in a word-based grammar.8. An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head.9. In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory element and the head of the phrase.10. a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man.In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH- movement.11. Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadays are viewed as separate notions in grammar.12. The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in a structure (or system).13. IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentence clearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence.14. Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linear structure, but it has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups.15. In Saussures view, the linguist cannot attempt to explain individual signs in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system.16. The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, which is a subjective order.17. What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functions of language to its structure.18. Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar.19. The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations.20. Finite is a function in the clause as a representation, both the representation of outer experience and inner experience.21. The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.22. According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.23. In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of an action, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer. Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object.24. In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of pronouns.25. Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-one relation.26. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there are a limited number of sentences which can be produced.27. Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchically structured.28. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated.29. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being.30. Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. As is required by the _, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by verb, or preposition to the _ position or by auxiliary to the _ position.2. Adjacency condition states that a case _ and a case _ should stay adjacent to each other.3. The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement is called _.4. The phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of _.5. The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level of _ to that of _.6. In English there are two major types of movement, one involving the movement of an NP is called _ movement and the other a WH-word is called _movement.7. a. The boy ate the apple.c. The apple was eaten by the boy.In Sentence b, the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in Sentence a to new positions, with the boy _ to the right and the man _ to the left.8. In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog, the man is both the _ subject and the _ object.9. The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on _: whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.10. IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that IC emphasizes the function of the _ level-word group, seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well.11. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head and consequently, they can be called _.12. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman).The part in the bracket is a _ clause.13. In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, we have another two terms, _ and _.14. English gender contrast can only be observed in _ and a small number of _ and they are mainly of the natural gender type.15. There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and _, which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.16. Recursiveness, together with _, is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.17. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a _ verb or a verb phrase.18. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is _.19. The starting point of an utterance which is known in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds is named _.20. _ structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.The sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a _ sentence.A. simple B. coordinate C. complex D. relational2. In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics the introductory word that is called _. A. coordinating conjunction B. conjunction C. subordinator D. embedded word3. The student / likes the new linguistics professor. The above segmentation truthfully reveals the _ nature of sentence structure. A. hierarchical B. linear C. horizontal D. parallel4. The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram _. A.(1) B.(2) C. both (1) and (2) D. neither SNP VPNP Conj NP VThe tall man and women left(1) SNP VPDet Adj NP V The tall man and women left(2) 5.According to the following three diagram, V can only be replaced by _.A. sat B. brought C. pushed D. none SNP VP V PPThe boy _ in the chair6.a.John likes linguistics the most. b.It was linguistics that John liked the mostWhich of the following statements about the two sentences (a and b) given above is NOT true ?A. In both sentence a and sentence b, John is the logical subject.B. In structural concept, John is the structural subject of a sentence.C. It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause.D. John is the structural subject in both a and b.7.The conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that _.A.Speakers make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before.B.Speech is a habit-structure.C.Imitation accounts for language acquisition.D.Phonological information must form part of syntactic movement.8.The symbol N indicates a/an _. A.lexical category B.phrasal category C.intermediate category D. lexical insertion rule9.Of the following combination possibilities, _ can NOT be generated from the following rule: NP(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).A. NPN B.NPDet Adj S C.NPDet N D.NPDet Adj N PPS.10.An advantage of X-bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X-bar. A.avoid a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories.B.allows us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences.C. allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal.D. forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the English King is lexical rather than structural.11. Which set of rules generates the following tree structures? SNP VPNP NP V NP N N NP PP P NP NA. SNP VP B. NP VP NP N PP NP NP NP PP VP V NP VP V NP PPPP P NP PP P NPNP N NP NC.S VP VP D, S NP VP NP (NP/PP) NP NP (NP /PP) VP V NP VP V NPPP P NP PP P NP NP N NP N12.a.It seems they are quite fit for the job. b. They seem quite fit for the job. Sentence b is a result of _ movement.A.NP B.WH C.AUX. D. None13. The head of the phrase underneath the open window is _.A.underneath B.the C.open D.window14.The following statements are in accordance with Halllidays opinion on language EXCEPT _.A.The use of language involves a network of systems of choices.B. Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought.C.Language is a system of abstract forms and signs.D.Language functions as a piece of human behavior.15.Chomsky is more concerned with _ relations in his approach to syntax.A.syntagmatic B.structural C.paradigmatic D.transformational16._ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A.Concord B.Government C. Binding D. Co-command17. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and _.A.relative clauses B.adverbial clauses C.coordinate clauses D.subordinate clauses18.Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT_.A.subjects and objects B.objects and predicators C.modifiers and complements D. endocentric and exocentric19.In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _.A.inflection B.following a preposition C.word order D.vertical relation20. Clauses can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, _ including the traditiona