评斯金纳《言语行为》.ppt

ReviewVerbalBehaviorbyB F Skinner 评斯金纳著 言语行为 陶强2016 10 11 Structureofthearticle 文章结构 Thereare11partsinthearticle 1 thegeneralproblem2 theexperimentalcontext3 4thebasicconceptsofstimulus responseandreinforcement5 thestatusofthefundamentalclaim6 10thenewdescriptivemachineryforthedescriptionofverbalbehavior11 somewaysinclarifyingtheproblemsofSkinner sstudy 1 Thegeneralproblem ThemaincontenttowhichSkineer sbookisaddressedisthatofgivinga functionalanalysis ofverbalbehavior Here skinnermeansidentificationofthevariablesthatcontrolone sbehaviorandspecificationofhowtheyinteracttodetermineaparticularverbalbehavior Whatisverbal behaviortheory 1 Thegeneralproblem Skinner sanalysisoflanguageincludesinformationonthereinforcementandpunishmentoflanguageandtheimportantaspectsofstimuluscontrolandmotivationthatimpactlanguagedevelopment Skinner sthesisisthatexternalfactorsconsistingofpresentstimulationandthehistoryofreinforcementareofoverwhelmingimportance 1 Thegeneralproblem However Chomskybelievesthatverbalbehaviorismuchmorecomplicated 2 Theexperimentalcontext reinforcingevent occasion 2 Theexperimentalcontext Aretheythesame Thenotionof stimulus response reinforcement arerelativelywelldefinedwithrsepecttothebar pressingexperimentsandotherssimilarlyrestricted Butifweextendthesetermstoreal lifebehavior certaindifficultiesmustbefaced What 2 Theexperimentalcontext Inthefirstplace whetheranyphysicaleventtowhichtheorganism 生物机体 iscapableofreactingistobecalledastimulus 刺激 onagivenaccasion 契机 oronlyonetowhichtheorganisminfactreacts Inthesecondplace whetheranypartofbehavioristobecalledaresponse oronlyoneconnectedwithstimuliinlawfulway behaviorhasnotbeendemonstratedtobelawful 有规律的 fortheotherfactorssuchasattention set volitionandcapricealsohaveanoverwhelminginfluence behaviorislawful butitisoflimitedsignificanceformostofwhatanimaldoeswillnotsimplybeconsideredbehavior 2 theexperimentalcontext ChomskyarguesthatSkinnerutlizestheexperimentalresultsasevidenceforthescientificcharacterofhissystemofbehavior andanalogicguesses 类比推测 asevidenceforitsscope Thiscreatstheillusionofarigorousscientifictheorywithaverybroadscope althoughinfactthetermsusedinthedescriptionofareal lifeandoflaboratorybehavior 实验室行为 maybemerehomonyms withatmostavaguesimilarityofmeaning 3 Stimulusandresponse ForSkinner Apartoftheenvironmentandapartofbehaviorarecalledstimulusandresponseonlyiftheyarelawfullyrelated thatisthe dynamiclaws relatingthemshowsmoothandreproduciblecurves 3 Stimulusandresponse Examples Oh Mozart Oh Dutch 3 Stimulusandresponse ForSkinner Eachoftheseresponsesisunderthecontrolofsomedifferentstimuluspropertyofthephysicalobject Forexample Welookataredchairandsayred rednessred Welookataredchairandsaychair chairnesschair 3 Stimulusandresponse ForChomsky IhaveoftenusedthewordsEisenhower 艾森豪威尔 andMoscow whichipresumearepropernounsifanythingis buthaveneverbeen stimulated bythecorrespondingobjects SupposethatIusethenameofafriendwhoisnotpresent Isthisaninstanceofapropernoununderthecontrolofthefriendasstimulus Simply sometimestheresponsehasnothingtodowiththesocalled stimulus 3 Stimulusandresponse Welookataredchairandsayred rednessred Welookataredchairandsaychair chairnesschair Chomskyarguesthatweidentifythestimuluswhenweheartheresponse Thetalkof stimuluscontrol simplydisguisesacompleteretreattomentalisticpsychology 心灵主义心理学 Wecannotpredictverbalbehaviorintermsofthestimuliinthespeaker senviornment sincewedonotknowwhatthecurrentstimuliareuntilheresponds What stheproblemhere 3 Stimulusandresponse Allinall Chomskyarguesthatthewayinwhichthesetermsarebroughttobearontheactualdataindicatesthatwemustinterpretthemasmereparaphrasesforthepopularvocabularycommomlyusedtodescribebehavior andhasnoparticularconnectionwiththehomonymousexpressionsusedinthedescroptionoflaboratoryexperiments Naturally thisterminologicalrevisionaddsnoobjectivitytothefamiliar mentalistic modeofdescription 他把这些名词那样移用于真实的研究对象 使我们不得不把这些名词看作替代描写行为的常用语的一些字眼 这样用的字眼 与那些用以描写动物实验的词 虽则声音相同 实则毫无关系 自然 这样把语用改变一下 是并不能给常见的 心灵主义 描写法添上什么客观性的 王宗炎 1982 4 Reinforcement ForSkinner Theoperationofreinforcementisthepresentationofacertainkindofstimulusinatemporalrelationwitheitherastimulusorresponse Areinforcingstimulusissuchbyitspowertoproducetheresultingchange Herearesomeexamplesinhisbook Amantalkstohimselfbecauseofthereinforcementhereceives Thechildisreinforcedautomaticallywhenheduplicatesthesoundofairplanesandstreetcars theyoungchildaloneinthenurserymayautomaticallyreinforcehisownexploratoryverbalbehaviorwhenheproducessoundwhichhehasheardinthespeechofothers Theartistisreinforcedbytheeffectshisworkshaveuponothers Oneisreinforcedwhenhehearshisname 4 Reinforcement ForChomsky Wecanseethatthenotionofreinforcementhastotallylostwhateverobjectivemeaning 客观意义 itmayeverhavehad Runningthroughtheseexamples weseethatapersoncanbereinforcedthoughheemitsnoresponseatall andthatthereinforcing stimulus neednotimpingeon reinforcedperson orneednotexist ItseemsthatSkinner sclaimthatallverbalbehaviorisacquiredandmaintainedin strength throughreinforcementisquiteempty becausehisnotionofreinforcementhasnoclearcontent functioningasacovertermforantfactor 5 Thestatusofthefundamentalclaim ThefundamentalclaimbySkinneristhatcarefularrangementofcontingenciesofreinforcementbyverbalcommunity 语言社团 isanecessaryconditionforlanguagelearning However Chomskyclaimsthatchildrenacquireagooddealofverbalandnonverbalbehaviorbycasualobservationandimitationofadultsandchildren Itissimplynottruethatchildrencanlearnlanguageonlythrough meticulouscare onthepartofadultswhoshapetheirverbalrepertoirethroughcarefuldifferentialreinforcement ForSkinner Meticulouscareisverynecessaryforlanguagelearning ForChomsky Meticulouscareoflanguagelearningmaybenotamustforchildren 5 Thestatusofthefundamentalclaim Chomsky sexample Achildmaypickupalargepartofhisvocabularyand feel forsentencestructurefromtelevision fromreading fromlisteningtoadults etc Evenaveryyoungchildwhohasnotyetacquiredaminimalrepertoirefromwhichtoformnewutterancemayimitateawordquitewellonanearlytry withnoattemptonthepartofhisparentstoteachittohim Itisalsoperfectlyobviousthat atalaterstage achildwillbeabletoconstructandunderstandutteranceswhicharequitenew andare atthesametime acceptablesentencesinhislanguage 5 Thestatusofthefundamentalclaim Chomskyclaimsthatasforlanguageacquisition itseemsclearthatreinforcement casualobservation andnaturalinquisitivenessareimportantfactors Themannerinwhichsuchfactorsoperateandinteractinlanguageacquisitioniscompletelyunknown Whatextentinbornstructure 天生的生理结构 maturation andlearningareresponsiblefortheparticularformofaskilledorcomplexp