2015年高考英语考点总动员系列 专题18 议论类阅读理解(原卷版).doc

【母题再现】题型介绍：议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。命题形式：从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1. 主旨题考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。2. 推理判断题这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。3. 细节题细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧第一，抓论点、寻论据阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：1. Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。2. Argument/Idea Evidence Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。高考选题：题型1：2014福建卷 DPerhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desiresnot that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes.Real riches consist of welldeveloped and hearty capacities(能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They_live_in_too_big_a_house_with_too_many_rooms,_yet_their_house_of_life_is_a_hut.Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when youre hungry.Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go towards making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.Music like Mozarts and Bachs shouldnt be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when youve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills.Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.68The author intends to tell us that_Atrue happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair meansBbig houses are peoples most valued possessionsCbig houses can in a sense bring richness of lifeDtrue happiness comes from spiritual riches69The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that_Ahowever materially rich, they never seem to be satisfiedBhowever materially rich, they remain spiritually poorCthough their house is big, they prefer a simple lifeDthough their house is big, it seems to be a cage70It can be learned from the passage that _Amore money brings more happinessBart is needed to make your house beautifulCliterature can enrich your spiritual lifeDsports contribute mainly to your physical fitness71What would be the best title for the passage?AHouse of life BSecret of wealthCRest and refreshment DInterest and enthusiasm题型2：2014江西卷 DEveryone looks forward to progress, whether in ones personal life or in the general society. Progress indicates a persons ability to change the way he is living at the moment. Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things. All these, however, remain true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forwards by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things.However, at the back of the minds of many people, especially those who miss the “good old days”， efficiency_comes_with_a_price. When communication becomes more efficient, people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or to see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets,_such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the persons presence for as long as the visit lasts. We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off.With efficiency also comes mass production.Such is the nature of factories and the success of industrialization today.Factories and have improved efficiency. Unskilful tasks are left to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done. However, with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products. For example, many handicrafts(手工艺品) are now produced in a factory. Although this means that supply is better able to increase demand, now that the supply is quick and efficient, the demand might fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handicraft and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item.Nevertheless, we must not commit the mistake of analysing progress only from one point of view. In fact, progress has allowed tradition to keep up. It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state. New technology is required for old products to stay old.It is peoples attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society. Technology is flexible. There is no fixed way of making use of it. Everything depends on peoples attitude. The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society. When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs, a new “past” is created.70. According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to _A. live a better lifeB. look for better methodsC. change ways of livingD. accept technology and advance steadily71. The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to “_”A. tools B. messages C. barriers D. skills72. The author explains “efficiency comes with a price” by _.A. describing a process B. using examplesC. following time order D. making classification73. Compared with homemade handicrafts, machinemade products _A. lack great accuracy B. lack the personal touchC. are of high value D. are quite welcome74. What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4?A. It can destroy old traditions. B. It can lead to social progress.C. It can be used to correct mistakes. D. It can be used to preserve old products.75. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?A. Progress can suit the needs of daily life.B. People review the past with great regret.C. Technology should be introduced in a fixed way.D. Peoples attitude decides the use of technology.解题技巧：解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果（Cause & Effect）型。还有一种比较常见的是问题答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题（相当于一个现象），然后给出该问题的答案（相当于解释）。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点:答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案) ，然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案【考点揭秘】高频考点一：常考对社会现象的讨论【浙江省六校（省一级重点校）2014届高三三月联考】A person, like a commodity, needs packaging. But going too far is absolutely undesirable. A little exaggeration(夸张) will do no harm when it shows the persons unique qualities to their advantages. To show personal attractiveness in a casual and natural way, it is important for one to have a clear knowledge of oneself. A skilled packager knows how to add art to nature without any signs of embellishment so that the person so packaged is not a commodity, but a human being, lively and lovely.A young person, especially a female, shining with beauty and full of life, has all the favor granted. Youth however, comes and goes in a flash. Packaging for the middle-aged is primarily to hide the marks made by years. If you still enjoy life enough to keep self-confidence and work at pioneering work, you are unique in your natural qualities, and your attractiveness and grace will remain. Elderly people are beautiful if their river of life has been, through plains, mountains and jungles, running its course as it should. You have really lived your life, which now arrives at a self - satisfied stage of quietness and calmness with no interest in fame or wealth. There is no need to make use of hair dyeing. The snow-capped mountain itself is a beautiful scene of fairyland. Let your looks change from young to old in step with the natural ageing process so as to keep in harmony with nature, for harmony itself is beauty, while the other way round will only end in unpleasantness. To be in the company of the elderly is like reading a thick book of good edition, which attracts one so much that one is unwilling to part with it. As long as one finds where one stands, one knows how to package oneself, just as a commodity sets up its brand by the right packaging.【小题1】The underlined word in the first paragraph is closest to the word _ in meaning. A. decoration B. clarification C. movement D. identification【小题2】It can be concluded from the text that _.A. people should be packaged at all agesB. people should be packaged in a special way C. elderly people also care about packagingD. proper packaging makes people attractive【小题3】For the middle-aged, attractiveness _ . A. hardly exists B. is the strongest C. comes from the inside D. comes from the appearance【小题4】 According to the author, if you want to keep in harmony with nature, you should _.A. dye your hair B. make up at a young ageC. follow the ageing process D. give up fame and wealth【小题5】The underlined sentence means that elderly people _.A. are usually packaged like a finely-made bookB. experience a lot and have rich knowledge of life C. do a lot of traveling and can give you much informationD. enjoy reading thick books about beautiful nature and fairyland高频考点二：常考探讨人生真谛的话题【浙江省奉化二中2014届高三上学期第四次月考】We all think we know what happiness is. We all seem to be making great efforts towards this goal of happiness but what is it really? It is an agreed fact that all the creatures want happiness and are afraid of pain and sadness. The question, however, is “What is real happiness?” What really is called happiness? The desire for happiness has no meaning without understanding the real nature of happiness.Some thinkers say, “Happiness does not lie in objections of enjoyment; happiness or unhappiness lies in imagination.” To prove their belief, they give examples like the following one: A man has a two-storey house; on the right is a five-storey building and on the left a cottage. When he sees right, he feels unhappy and when he sees left he feels happy. As such happiness does not lie in possession of sensory objects, but in imagination. They advise people to look towards those who have fewer possessions and be happy. If you look towards people having more wealth, you will always be unhappy.It is unreasonable to hold this point of view. It is unkind to regard one happy by imagining that one is better than the poor and the unhappy. “If you want to be happy, look towards the poor.” We know that those poor people cannot satisfy even their basic needs. This attitude satisfies the sense of pride of possession, but this can never be called happiness. Unless we really find where happiness lies, we cannot really be happy. Happiness is a characteristic of a good life, that is, a life in which a person fulfills human nature in an excellent way. People have a set of purposes which are typically human: these belong to our nature. Happiness is also a condition that must be prepared for, cultivated, and defended privately by each person. People who learn to control inner experience will be able to determine the quality of their lives and come to being happy. Happiness lies in the distribution of easiness among others. Happiness stands for forgiveness and justice. Happiness is the name of struggle and courage. Happiness may be founded in seeking of true knowledge and rule of wisdom. Happiness may be shared in service and duty. This life is combination of joys and sorrows, and honest efforts should be done to make this life journey full of happiness, love, peace and harmony.【小题1】What is the purpose of the text? A. To show how to achieve happiness.B. To encourage people to achieve happiness.C. To argue how to understand happiness.D. To explain the features of happiness.【小题2】According to the text, people who think happiness lies in imagination will try to achieve happiness by _.A. looking towards people having more wealthB. looking towards those with fewer possessions C. imagining how rich you will be in the futureD. imagining that you have a five-storey building【小题3】The author doesnt think that happiness lies in satisfaction of desires because _.A. ever-changing desires can never be satisfiedB. no desires of a person can be satisfied at allC. there isnt enough money to meet peoples needs D. the desires of a person are limited【小题4】In the authors opinion, happiness _.A. can be achieved easily by earning moneyB. must belong to those with rich knowledgeC. can be gained by controlling inner experienceD. can be gained by setting small goals【小题5】According to the last paragraph, who can have happiness?A. Jack who often struggles with others.B. Mike who always forgives others mistakes.C. Tom who enjoys a high standard of living.D. Tim whose requirements are always met.高频考点三：常考对社会不良现象的批评【浙江省奉化二中2014届高三上学期第四次月考】Everybody cheats. Whether its the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes them the long way round, or the shop assistant who doesnt give the correct change, or the police officer who accepts a bribe (贿赂) everybodys at it. Cheats in the nest include the scientist whose research was based on fake data, the game show competitors who worked with a friend in the audience or win a million pounds, and the doctor who made up his qualifications and wasnt really a doctor at all. Everybody cheats; nobodys playing the game. Is cheating acceptable, a natural way of surviving and being successful? Or is it something that should be frowned on, and young people discouraged from doing? If its the latter how can we explain to children why so many bend the rules?Take sport for example. The Word Cup was filled with cheating. Whether diving, pretending to be hurt or denying a handball, footballers will do anything for a free kick or a penalty shot. France striker Henry denied cheating to win the free kick which led to his sides second goal in their 3 1 victory over Spain. Many footballers, however, are often putting it on. Whatever the nationality theres one common ploy: the player rolls over holding their leg, ankle or head seeming to be in great pain. As a result a yellow card and / or free kick is given for the foul and then, a few seconds later, the player is up and about as if nothing had happened! The ref (裁判) may be taken in by it but youngsters watching the game arent. They also see their heroes getting away with it.Of course its not just football. In 1998 the Tour de France, the worlds greatest cycling event, was hit by a drug taking scandal (丑闻). The 40 bottles of forbidden drugs found with the Fustian team caused a massive investigation that almost caused the Tour to be abandoned. One rider, Veronique, was banned for 9 months. He claimed: “You have cheats in sport, just as you do in business there will always be people trying to take a short cut. At least were not turning a blind eye to the problem, which other sports are.”Is it all unavoidable? Theres huge pressure on all athletes to perform for their fans and for their sponsors. Its success, money and power that rule professional sport rather than an honest attempt to do the best one can.Meanwhile companies around the world are losing billions of dollars to fake products. From cut price CDs and DVDs to sportswear, cheap fake products are everywhere. It has become socially acceptable to buy fake Gucci bags and illegal copies of films. If parents are doing this, their children will follow. So perhaps its not surprising that around the world more pupils than ever are caught cheating during exams. In one case missing exam papers were put up for sale on the Internet. In another, widespread cheating took place by pupils using their mobile phones to receive tested answers. They blame the pressure put on them to do well in exams. It doesnt help that their role models are also cheats. Surely we cant complain when were setting such a bad example. 【小题1】According to the passage, in which way can a game show player cheat?ABy gaining aid from a friend.BBy taking an indirect way.CBy taking forbidden drugs.DBy selling fake products.【小题2】The phrase “be frowned on”(Paragraph 2) most probably means .Ato be pushed forwardBto be disapproved of Cto be taken the place ofDto be stuck with【小题3】The writers suppose for writing this passage is to .Acomplain abo