非谓语动词用法比较.doc

do主动语态被动语态句法功能否定式一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式主宾表定状补前面直接加notto doto doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been doneingdoinghaving donebeing donehaving been doneed done vt.(被动完成) risen vi (主动完成)非谓语动词用法比较辑主语及复合结构不定式-ing过去分词for/of sb to do sb:宾格/名词1.主格代词/名词+doing (作状语)2.形物代/宾格和名词所有格/普通格+doing(作主,宾语)主格代词/名词+done (作状语)一不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为;不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 Smoking is forbidden here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) Learning a foreign language is very useful.It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 2.不定式做主语，一般用it作形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth.It took will and patience to do anything well. It is nice of you to say so.3.-ing在“It is no use/ no good/useless + doing”等结构中作主语，it为形式主语；其他情况doing直接做主语。It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。It is no good crying the spilt milk.覆水难收4. 主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.二不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别 1.-ing形式作宾语常表示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、一次性动作I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today.2. 1)有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：hope/ manage/ refuse/ pretend/ plan/ offer/ decide/ agree/ fail/ afford/ happen/ should(would) like(love)/ be likely + to do2)有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语：enjoy喜欢；mind在意；practise练习；avoid避免；finish 完成； prevent 防止；appreciate 欣赏；suggest 建议；delay 耽搁； imagine 想象； keep 保留； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌；excuse 原谅； miss 错过；forgive 宽恕；admit 承认； cant stand 忍不住； feel like 想要；give up 放弃； put off 推迟；object to反对; look forward to期望, keep on一直, set about着手,She finished reading the book (看完这本书）yesterday. Will you admit having broken the window?你承认不承认打破了窗户？Do you feel like taking a walk?你要不要去散步？We are looking forward to coming to China.我们期待着来中国。Do you mind my smoking in the room？你介意我在室内吸烟吗？ 三作宾补时,三者的区别1.有些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作） Tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn/ encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do He asked me to finish it in time. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.feel(一感); hear listen to(二听);have make let(三使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后跟不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to. （表全过程）I heard him call me several times. I heard her sing the song many times.2.有些动词接ing作宾补： feel(一感); hear listen to(二听);have get leavekeep (四使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作正在进行或一直做某事；用延续性动词)I found her listening to the radio. I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.3. 有些动词后跟过去分词作宾补：feel(一感); hear listen to(二听); make let get have leave keep (六使)；see watch observe notice look at find (六看) +sb done （表动作已经完成，多强调状态，表被动）Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. We found the village greatly changed.I heard the song sung in English many times. 四作表语时,三者的区别1).不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 My job is to help the patient now.（ 说明主语具体内容） 2) -ing形式作表语：表示抽象的、一般性的行为。（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位） His hobby is collecting stamps Her job is looking after the child.表“令人如何如何”（主语所具有的特征），如： astonishing exciting moving surprising tiring interesting amusing shocking worrying His report is interesting. The music sounds exciting. 3)-V-ed：“让人感到如何如何”（主语所处的状态）如：astonished excited moved surprised tired interested amused shocked worried disappointed drunk frightened married confused pleased puzzled satisfied等 The cups are broken. She is interested in the job. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.五作定语时三者的区别1.不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词，常常修饰代词anything/something /noting; 名词 chance/ opportunity等 或由序数或形容词最高级修饰的名词。 You are the third one to enter the room. I have something important to say. I need a pen to write with. The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important.2.-ing作定语表多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性）He has a reading room. a sleeping car表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句; a sleeping boy The girl gathering flowers is beautiful. The question being discussed now is important. 3.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成或完成，可换为定语从句。a broken cup The question discussed yesterday is important. All the people invited to the meeting are VIP. (All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP. )We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground. (We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )六作状语时,三者的区别1)不定式作状语通常表示原因(谓动之后) 目的(可用so as to/in order to替换 ) 结果/程度(意想不到的结果，常为only to do)We were very excited to hear the news To get there on time I got up very early. He travelled around the world to give lectures. He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there. 2)-ing或过去分词作状语通常表示原因 时间 条件 让步 结果 伴随（逗号） (主语一致性；-ing表主动，过去分词表被动)Hearing a sound, the baby stopped crying. Given an apple, the child stopped crying. Not satisfied with the result, we decided to do the experiment again.Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.Not having received any news from home for a long time, she is becoming more and more homesick. When/If heated, ice will be changed into water.Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small.Being very small, computers are widely used.His parents died, leaving him an orphan. He cut off the electricity, preventing an accident. The teacher entered the room, followed by some students.The teacher entered the room and he was followed by some students.非谓语动词特殊用法：一.下列情况用不定式：.sth. be adj(harddifficulteasyheavy) to do The question is difficult to answer.sb. have sth. to do I have a lot of work to do.There be sth. to do There is nothing to talk about.find (thinkfeelconsidermakebelieve) it adj to do sth 一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语（except, but除外）He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. She did nothing but cry. 二在have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + doing； be busy (in) +doing；等结构中，in常要省去。The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。三在（be）worth后面只能用-ing的主动态来表示被动意义。His suggestion is worth considering.他的提议值得考虑。可转换成：His suggestion is worthy to be considered/of being considered.四下列动词即可不定式作宾语也可不定式作宾补：wantexpectwishpromise +(sb) to do五get have leavekeep +sb doing (使处于某状态) Im sorry Ive kept you waiting.六注意下列动词的用法：allow adviseforbidpermitintend(sb) consi