中国古代发展 英文版.doc

The Development of Ancient ChinaA社会（政治体制）1,中国是世界上文明发达最早的国家之一(China is one of the countries in the world, which is earliest to reach its cultural flourishment.)2,中国古代史经历了以下几个阶段Stage :原始社会(primitive society)、奴隶社会(slave society)（170万年前-公元前476年）和封建社会(feudal society)。Primitive Society中国是人类重要的发源地之一，经过漫长的进化，产生了不同时期的原始人(primitive man)、氏族部落(Clans)，如元谋人(Homo erectus yuanmouensis)(About 17,000,000 years ago)、蓝田人(Lantian Man)( About 800,000 years ago)、北京人Sinanthropus pekinensis (About 700,000-200,000 years ago)、山顶洞人(Upper Cave Man)(About 30,000 years ago)半坡人(Banpo Man)(About 5,000-6,000 years ago)原始人群(primitive crowd)、母系社会(matriarchal society)和父系社会(patrilineal society)Slave society夏Xia Dynasty、商Shang Dynasty、周Zhou Dynasty、春秋The Spring and Autumn PeriodFeudal society3，其中封建社会可分为五个阶段：一、战国、秦、汉是封建社会形成(formation)和初步发展(initial development)阶段。二、三国、两晋、南北朝，是封建国家分裂（Feudal national secession）和民族大融合（national integration）的阶段三、隋唐五代时期是封建社会的繁荣阶段（prosperity phase ） 。四、辽、宋、夏、金、元，是民族融合进一步加强和封建经济继续发展的阶段。五、明、清（鸦片战争前），是统一的多民族国家巩固和封建制度渐趋衰落阶段。B思想中国古代思想的发展也就是儒家思想的发展aDuring the Warring States period：A hundred schools of thought contend（百家争鸣）1， Confucianism1.1 ，Confucius, the founderConfucius (traditionally 28 September 551 BC - 479 BC) lived between 551 and 479 during the late years of the Spring and Autumn Period of China. He was a great thinker, educator and statesman as well as one of the most learnt people at that time. So he was horned as “the sage of sages” and the teacher of all ages. 1.2 RenMencius claimed that human nature was good meaning humans have inborn tendencies toward virtue. Without being taught, people have at least momentary feelings of compassion for the sufferings of others.1.3 YiIf we cultivate this feeling of compassion, it will develop into the virtue of benevolence. If we cultivate our sense of shame, it will develop to the virtue of righteousness.1.4 LiMoral ways of conduct refers to any of the secular social functions of daily life, akin to the Western term for culture. Shaping the rituals in a way that leads to a content and healthy society, and to content and healthy people, is one purpose of Confucian philosophy.2. Mohism2.1 Mozi, the founderMo Zi (470 BC - 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher, thinker, educator, scientist, and militarist. He was born a few years after Confucius death and died a few tears before Mencius birth.2.2 Ten Proposals Inclusive Care 兼爱 Rejecting Aggression 非攻 Elevating the Worthy 尚同 Conforming Upward 尚贤 Rejecting Fatalism 非命 Rejecting Music 非乐 Thrift in Utilization 节用 Thrift in Funerals 节葬 Heavens Intention 天志 Existence of Ghosts 名鬼3. Daoism3.1 Laozi, the founderLi Er was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching(often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (pronounced as Daoism). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or One of the Three Pure Ones. He is considered as the father of Chinese philosophy. In the history of Chinese philosophy no one can be compared with Lao Zi who so extensively and thoroughly studied the laws of motion in the world.3.2 DaoIt is the mechanism of everything that exists, the natural, eternal, spontaneous, indescribable way things began and pursued their course.3.3 De Power of morality or power for good. It is the power of naturalness, or power, of simplicity, even of weakness. This is possibly the most important point in the Daoist philosophy, and has immense influence on the development of Daoist religion.Legalism4.1 Han Fei Zi, the founder Han Fei (280 BC - 233 BC) is was a Chinese philosopher, the most outstanding representative of the Legalist school. He was a prince of the royal family of Han during the Warring and States Period(475-221 B.C.).He and Li Si studied with Xun Kuang.In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.4.2 FaThe rule of law stands in contrast to the idea that the leader is above the law. The law code must be clearly written and made public. All people under the ruler were equal before the law. 4.3 ShuIt means special tactics and “secrets” are to be employed by the ruler to make sure others do not take over control of the state. Especially important is that no one can fathom the rulers motivations, and so no one can know which behavior might help them getting ahead except following the laws. 4.4 Shi It literally means legitimacy, power or charisma. It is the position of the ruler, not the ruler himself or herself, that holds the power. Therefore, analysis of the trends, the context, and the facts are essential for a real ruler. b. The Western Han Dynasty （206 B.C.-A.D. 24）During the mid Western Han Dynasty, with Confucianism achieving dominance, the orthodox legal thoughts with Confucianism as the mainstay came into being.Dong zhongshu inherits, mixes and develops the ideas of predecessors and built a systematic Heaven-Human Induction ideology system.c. The period from Song to MingThe Confucianism developed any further.1.Chenyi and Chenghao : The worldis only one reason2.Zhuxis views on knowing and doing are creatively developed after the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius and the moral thoughts of Cheng brothers3. The identity of knowledge and action form one thread through all the doctrine of Wang Yang-mings moral practiced. The late Ming and early Qing dynastyThe Confucianisms criticizing and inheriting1 The representative personages mainly include Li Zhi, Hang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi. They were against the traditional Confucianism and decadent feudal autocracy rule.中国古代经济中国的原始农业起源于黄河一长江流域，并首先在中原地区达到较高水平，南宋后经济重心南移。Chinas original agriculture originated in the Yellow River and Yangtze river basin, and it reached a higher level in the central plains firstly, after the Southern Song dynasty , economic gravity moved to south .1.随着生产工具的进步，原始社会的刀耕火种发展到简单协作的耜耕农业；With the improvement of the instruments of production , the primitive society agricultural developed to the simple collaboration of their farming2.春秋战国时期，铁犁、牛耕出现与使用，以家庭为单位、农业与个体手工业相结合的自给自足的小农经济基本定型，并在古代社会一直延续。The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, iron plough , oxen-led appeared and were used, with the individual family as the unit, agriculture and handicraft industry of combining the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy finalized the design basically, and continued in the ancient society.3.明清之际虽然产生了资本主义萌芽，但经济结构没有突破性进展。In Ming and Qing dynasty, although the bud of capitalism appeared, but there was no breakthrough in the economic structure.4.古代中国的手工业在世界一直处于领先地位，官营手工业代表着当时生产技艺的最高水平。Ancient Chinese handicraft industry in the world has been in a leading position , camp officer handicraft industry represents the highest level of production technology.5.明中后期，在私营手工业里产生了雇佣关系，孕育了资本主义萌芽。In the middle and later of Ming dynasty, employment relationship appeared in private handicraft industry, and bred the bud of capitalism6.早期商业发展繁荣，城市规模与功能不断扩大，汉唐之际的对外贸易繁荣。Early business developed prosperously, the urban scale and function expanded gradually, the foreign trade prospered in Han and Tang Dynasty.7.明清之际，封建经济全面繁荣，商业发展出现了新特点。但在重农抑商、闭关锁国政策下，资本主义萌芽受到阻碍，也失去了对外贸易的主动权，没有跟上世界大潮流，中国经济逐渐落后In Ming and Qing dynasty, the feudal economy prospered comprehensively and business appeared new characteristics. 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