欧洲文化入门_名词解释.doc

精品文档欧洲文化入门 名词解释1 Pax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana2 The New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.3 Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (创世记)， Exodus (出埃及记)， Leviticus(教义记)， Numbers (逃亡记)， Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。4Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5The Historical Books 史书 was divided into seven sections：Books of Joshua Books of Judges Books of Samuel Books of Kings Books of the Chronicles Books of Ezra Books of Nehemiah.6the Middle ages 中世纪In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.窗体底端7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。 The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (许可的) of land.8. code of chivalry 骑士制度As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.9 Gothic 哥特式 The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe. It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)10The Canterbury Tales： The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(压头韵) Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle Engli Renaissance名词解释11. Renaissance文艺复兴Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)， specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence (从实质上讲)， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级)， to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings， sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于paintingFlorence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets， scholars， artists and sculptors (雕塑家)。12Renaissance Art 文艺复兴艺术A radical (根本的) break with medieval (中古的) methods of representing the visible (可见的) world occurred (发生) in Italy during the second half of the 13th century. It was not until the second decade (十年) of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (田园式风格)。13 Reformation 革新The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智) his 95 thesis (论题)。 This movement which swept over (席卷了) the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing (反对) the absolute authority (权威) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing (代替) it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14 Calvinism 加尔文主义Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会)。 Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。15Counter-Reformation 反宗教改革By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙)。 They mustered (召集) their forces， the dedicated (专用的) Catholic groups， to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (改良)， to bring back its vitality (活力)。 This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.16the laws of gravitation 万有引力的内容：the sun， the moon， the earth， the planets， and all the other bodies (天体) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force， which is call gravitation.17Inductive method 归纳法Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般)。 Induction was put over against Deductive method.18. 洛克All our ideas are ultimately (最后) derived from sensation (感受) or from reflection (反思) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.19. Theory of Knowledge认知论Descartes employed (使用) methodic doubt (置疑方法论) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的) truth. I doubt， therefore I think： I think， therefore I am. Doubting is thinking， thinking is the essence of the mind (精髓所在)。 Descartes believed that they are not dependable. (置疑是不可*的)20. Descartess Dualism 二元论 Thought (思维) was the foundation of all knowledge (认知) while the senses might deceive (欺骗) us. This is idealist. (唯心主义者) The external (外部) world existed (存在)， which was independent (无关) of the human mind. This is materialist. (不以人的意识为转移)21. Classicism 新古典主义Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world， a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。 It intended to produce a literature， French to the core (以法语为中心)， which was worthy of (与相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒)22. Rationalism 理性主义was believed to be able to discover the best principles (原则) of human conduct (行为) and the universal (通用的) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (提供的) the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义)23Baroque Art 巴洛克艺术 承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式Baroque Art， flourished first in Italy， and then spread to Spain， Portugal， France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and sentimental appeal (哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(强烈的明暗对比)24Enlightenment启蒙运动Enlightement was an intellectual (知识分子) movement originating in France， which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by certain European writers to use critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见)， unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权)。 Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代)。25 The theory of the separation of powers 三权分立理论 was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法)， executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付) to different individuals， acting independently. (独立的行为)The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)27 The Musical Enlightenment 音乐启蒙运动By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely (完全) rationalized (理性化)。 It came to its richest fruition (高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔)。 Bach and Handel represented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the clearly defined types and forms， in a series (系列) of standardized formulas (公式)。28、Romanticism 浪漫主义Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)， it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。 Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.29Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit， such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.30Romantic Music浪漫主义音乐 承前启后的年代音乐家是重点The Romantic Movement in music dominated (统治) the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement， which， all over Europe， especially in Germany and France， affected (感染着) all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods： The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven， Schubert， Chopin， Schumann， and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky.31.达尔文的进化论Darwins theory of evolution contains four major arguments：new species appear (新物种的发现)。those new species have evolved (进化) from older species.The evolution of species is result (导致) of natural selection.The natural selection depends on variations (变异) and the maintenance (保护) of variations in spite of (不管) the tendency (趋势) of natural selection to eliminate (消除) unfit (不适当的) variants. Natural selection名词解释32社会达尔文主义Social DarwinismFor the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted (替代) the survival of the fittest. (适者生存)33Realism现实主义名词解释In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States (选) in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice (应用) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally (根本的) the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe， the Realist movement arose (起源于) in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实)34印象主义Impressionism (艺术的表现形式)名词解释Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive (普及) in painting， but it was also found in literature and art. (在文学与艺术中也可发现他的踪影) The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio (工作室) by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monets (莫纳) Impression： Sunrise. (日出印象)35(后印象主义)Post-ImpressionismDuring the 2nd half of the 19th century， French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past， and created a form of art that was to affect (影响) nearly every ambitious (有雄心的) artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament (气质)。36 现代主义ModernismModernism was a complex and diverse (复杂多样的) international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面)， such as symbolism， surrealism (超现实主义)， cubism (立体主义)， expressionism， futurism (未来主义)， ect.37The Ego and Id (自我与本我)Id 本我Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id， Ego and Superego. The Id is the container (容器) of the instinctual urges (本能的主张)。 It is the unconscious (无意识的) part of mind， which seeks (查找) immediate (即刻的) satisfaction of desires (欲望)。 Id is concerned with what a person wants to do.Ego 自我Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id， Ego and Superego. Ego is the rational (理性的)， thoughtful (深思的)， realistic personality process. It is characterized by a desire for independence (独立的)， autonomy (自发的) and self-direction. Ego is concerned with ability.Freud divided human personality into three functional parts Id， Ego and Superego. Superego 超我is the idealized (理想化的) image that a person builds of himself in response (反映，响应) to authority (权威) and social pressures (压力)。38. 俄狄浦斯情结：Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy， in which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus Complex was established by Freud.39. 迷失的一代：The Lost generationThe Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals (知识分子) who came back from war， were injured (受伤害) both physically (身体上) and mentally (精神上)。 They lived by indulging (放任) themselves in the Bohemian (波西米亚) way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned (破灭了)。 The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.40. 垮掉的一代：The Beat GenerationThe Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters (儿童) who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional (传统的) social behaviour and who cultivated (培养) a rootless manner of living. The distinctive features (有特色的特征) of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsbergs Howl (嚎叫)and Jack Kerouals on the road.41年轻愤怒的一代：Angry Young MenAngry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits (不能适应环境的人)。 They felt they were socially stateless (无政府状态)。 Even though they were university graduates. They were very sensitive (敏感) to the undesirable (讨厌的人) things of the society. Angry Young Men was represented by John Osbornes play Look Back in Anger (愤怒问题) and Amis novel Lucky Jim.42、新小说主义：Nouveau RomanNouveau Roman refers to some 20th century French novels. The term Nouveau Roman came into being with the publication (发表) of some essays (短文) by Grillet (新小说主义源于他)， a French writer. The New Novel tends to be objective (客观的)。 Human characters are on an equal footing (地位) with things. The New Novelists try to avoid taking sides (走极端) when they come to the description of characters， making no distinction (不加以区别) between good and bad or between important and trivial (平凡)。 Therefore， their characters are often shapeless (无形状态) and sometimes even nameless (没有姓名)。43、存在主义：ExistentialismExistentialism is a philosophy (哲学倾向) that became a self-conscious movement (自发的运动) in the 20th century. Its basic concern is human existence (人的存在)。 A key concept (关键概念) of existentialism is that man is only what he makes of himself. Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard Shaws problem plays. And Sartres (萨达尔) Being and Nothingness (存在与虚无)。44 荒诞剧：The Theatre of the absurdThe Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European， particularly French， playwrights (剧作家) of the 1950s and 60s. The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus (加谬斯)。 The play writers of the Theatre of the absured employed (被使用) many techniques used by the popular theatre such as： acrobatics (杂技)。 Their language is very often dislocated (错位)， with plenty of jargon (行话)， clichs (老生常谈) and repetitions (反复使用)。 The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Becketts (贝克特) waiting for Godot (等待哥达)。45. 黑色幽默：Black HumourBlack Humour is a term derived (源于) from Black Comedy. Its origin can be traced back to Shakespeares time. But now the term (术语) is usually used to refer to some Western， especially American Post-World War writers. Black humour is kind of desperate humour (会让人产生绝望的幽默)。 In Black humour， mans fate is decided by incomprehensible powers. (人的命运自有安排) Black humour was represented by Joseph Hellers Catch-22. 46. 野兽派：FauvismThe Fauvism