IS TOURISM JUST COLONIALISM IN ANOTHER GUISE 原文+翻译.docx

IS TOURISM JUST COLONIALISM IN ANOTHER GUISE 旅游业是另一种形式的殖民主义吗？By DAVID NICHOLSON-LORDTourism has seriously damaged fragile ecosystems like the Alps, the winter skiing playground of Europe, and the trekking areas of the Himalayas. 旅游业已严重损害脆弱的生态系统，如阿尔卑斯山，欧洲冬季滑雪游乐场，喜马拉雅山的徒步地区。Worldwide, it poses a serious threat to coastal habitats like dunes, mangrove forests and coral reefs. 旅游业在世界范围内对沙丘、红树林和珊瑚礁等沿海栖息地构成了严重威胁。It fuels a booming and usually illegal trade in the products of threatened wildlife, from tortoiseshell and coral to ivory.它助长了一个很蓬勃的而且通常是对于濒危野生动物产品的非法交易，这些包括玳瑁，珊瑚和象牙Its consumers inevitably bring their habits and expectations with them-whether its hot showers and flush toilets or well-watered greens for golfers. 它的“消费者”，不可避免地带来他们的生活习惯和与他们的期望无论是热水淋浴和抽水马桶或浇水果岭的球手。In the Himalayas, showers for trekkers often mean firewood, which means deforestation. 在喜马拉雅山淋浴跋涉往往意味着柴火，这意味着砍伐森林。In Hawaii and Barbados, it was found that each tourist used between six and ten times as much water and electricity as a local. 在夏威夷和巴巴多斯有人发现，每一位游客比当地的居民使用六到十倍的水和电。In Goa villagers forced to walk to wells for their water had to watch as a pipeline to a new luxury hotel was built through their land. 在果阿被迫步行到口井打水的村民只能眼睁睁看着这些水管，他们就像一个建在他们的土地上并通往一个豪华旅馆的通道。Over the past decade golf, because of its appetite for land, water and has emerged as one of the biggest culprits, so much so that golf wars have broken out in parts of Southeast Asia; campaigners in Japan, one of the chief exponents of golf tourism, have launched an annual World No Golf Day.在过去十年中的高尔夫球场，由于对土地、水和除草剂的需求，已经出现的herbicides, 最大的罪魁祸首之一，以至于“高尔夫球场战争”已经在东南亚部分地区爆发；在日本运动家，高尔夫旅游的主要代表人物之一，相继推出了一年一度的世界无高尔夫球日。This is not to say tourism cant do some good-but the cost-benefit equation is complex.这并不是说旅游业不能有好的方面但成本效益关系非常复杂。Historic monuments, houses and gardens thrive on visitors. 历史古迹，房屋和花园的游客数量迅速增长。 Throughout much of the world, but notably in southern and eastern Africa, tourism underpins the survival of wildlife纵观世界许多地方，特别是在非洲南部和东部，旅游业是野生动物生存的基础。Why else would small farmers put up with elephants trampling their crops?另外为什么小农要忍受大象践踏他们的庄稼？Whale watching is now a bigger business than whaling.看鲸鱼表演比捕鲸更有市场。In the uplands of Rwanda, known to millions through the film Gorillas in the Mist, the mountain gorillas salvation lies partly in the income and interest generated by tourists visiting in small groups.在卢旺达高地，据电影表明数以百万计的大猩猩生活在薄雾高地，山地大猩猩的救住部分来自于小团体游客所产生的收入和利息。In Kenya a lions worth is estimated at $7,000 a year in tourist income-for an elephant herd the figure is $610,000. 在肯尼亚狮子的价值估计为每年7,000美元的旅游收入而一个象群是610000美元。And if large animals, with large ranges, are protected, then so are their habitats-the national parks.如果大型动物，具有很大范围的，受到保护，那么它们的栖息地-国家公园也会受到保护。Yet none of these gains are unqualified. 然而，这些收益都是不合格的。To get to see your whales and your gorilas, for example, you have to travel, by car, coach or plane.例如，要想看到鲸鱼和大猩猩，你可以驾车，乘坐巴士或飞机去旅行。Each time you do so youre effectively setting fire to a small reservoir of gasoline-and releasing several roomfuls of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.每次你这样做相当于你有效地放火烧毁一座小型水库的汽油并且排放几个满屋子的二氧化碳到大气中。Transport is the worlds fastest growing source of carbon dioxide emissions; leisure travel accounts for half of all transport.交通运输是世界上增长最快的二氧化碳排放源；休闲旅游占所有运输的一半。The cumulative result of such activity is one of the biggest disruptions in the Earths history-global warming, climate change and rising seas.这种活动的积累是在地球历史上最大的阻碍全球变暖，气候变化和海平面上升。长难句： In Goa villagers forced to walk to wells for their water had to watch as a pipeline to a new luxury hotel was built through their land.解析：forced to walk to wells for their water做定语修饰villagers. “was built through their land.”做定语修饰hotel.句子的谓语动词为had to. 整句翻译为：在果阿被迫步行到口井打水的村民只能眼睁睁看着这些水管，他们就像一个建在他们的土地上并通往一个豪华旅馆的通道。词汇： fragile adj. 脆的；易碎的 inevitably adv. 不可避免地；必然地 pipeline n. 管道；输油管；传递途径 unqualified adj. 不合格的；无资格的； leisure n. 闲暇；空闲；安逸 tortoiseshell n. 龟甲；玳瑁壳；玳瑁色Some observers now argue that tourism can strengthen local cultures by encouraging an awareness of tradition and the ceremonies and festivals that go with it.一些观察者发现，通过鼓励了解传统、仪式以及伴随的节日，旅游业可以加强当地的文化But whats the value of tradition if its kept alive self-consciously, for profit, and bears little relation to real lifewhich, today, across the world, grows ever uniform?但是，如果传统的存在只是自觉地为了利益，而根本与生活无关它在今天整个世界都变得越来越统一，那么传统价值又是什么呢？Hence the dismissive references to “human zoos,” “airport art” and the trinketization of cultures.因此拒绝参考“人类动物园”，“飞机场艺术”和文化的trinketization.Those are questions that apply as much to fox hunting in Britain and Carnival in Rio de Janeiro as to so-called cannibal tours in Thailand.这些都是问题,应用在英国猎狐活动和里约热内卢的狂欢节,所谓的“食人魔”在泰国旅游。Whats undeniable is that tourism, in one way or another, changes tradition, and for many people, particularly in the Third World, that change looks and feels like degradation.不可否认的是旅游业在一种或其他方式改变了传统，对于很多人来说，特别是在第三世界，它改变了外观并且感觉退化了Part of the problem is that tourism is colonialism in another guise-economic rather than political.问题的部分原因是，旅游业是殖民主义的另一个伪装的经济而不是政治.Hence it rubs hard against the growing worldwide movement for local or national self-determination.因此，在当地或民族的自我规定的全球化运动不断增长下，它艰难前行。But there are also some profound and often irreconcilable differences in perception但也有一些深刻的感知往往是不可调和的分歧。What makes people want to travel? The short answer centers on the concept of escape.人们为什么想要旅行？ 简单的回答集中在逃脱这个概念According to Jost Krippendorf, the Swiss academic who is one of the leading authorities on modern tourism, people travel because “they no longer feel happy where they are- where they work, where they live.根据一名对现代旅游业具有权威的瑞士学者，Jost Krippendorf，他认为人们旅游是因为他们在他们所在的地方，他们工作的地方，他们居住的地方，他们不在感到快乐They feel the monotony of the daily routine, the cold rationality of factories, offices, apartment blocks and transport,shrinking human contactthe loss of nature and naturalness.”他们觉得日常生活的单调，冷静理性的工厂，办公室，公寓楼和运输，减少了人们的接触，自然和本性的缺失。MaCannell argues that mass tourism is a product of the “most depersonalized” epoch in history.MaCannell认为大众旅游是历史上“最没有人性”时代的产物。Well, maybe. Its true that people with gardens, or those who live in small towns, take fewer holidays than apartment-block residents or city dwellers.那么，可能是。那些有花园或者住在小城镇的人们与公寓居民或者城市居民相比假期时间更少。Its probably also true that what we casually refer to as the “pressures of daily life”-work, family, commuting-are more intense in some respects, than ever before. Yet people have always felt a desire for something more than their life routinely offers them- something, well, different.(我们偶尔称之为“生活压力”工作，家庭，他们经常会让我们渴望一些超过生活经常提供给他们的好的，不同的东西，这些也可能是真的。）它也可能是真的,随便我们称之为“日常生活的压力”工作,家庭,通勤在某些方面更强烈,比以往任何时候都要多。但人们总是感到一种渴望比他们的生活经常提供更多的东西一些东西,完全不同的。Its partly because humans are naturally inquisitive and exploratory but also, and more significant, because we need the unknown, what historians of religion call “otherness,” to lend our lives significance.一部分原因是人类天生好奇和探索的同时，更重要的，因为我们需要未知，宗教历史学家称之为“他者“，它使我们的生活变得有意义。So we conceive of ideal worlds-Paradise, the Golden Age, Heaven, Atlantis, Shangri-La-and dream, sometimes, of attaining them.因此我们设想黄金时代，天堂，亚特兰蒂斯，香 格里拉和梦想，有时，设想实现它们。长难句：Its probably also true that what we casually refer to as the “pressures of daily life”-work, family, always felt a desire for something more than their life routinely offers them- something, well, different.（1） It指代后面的整个主语从句（2） what we casually refer to as the “pressures of daily life”-work, family又是一个主语从句（3） refer to 指代“涉及，参考”的含义（4） feel desire for sth 指“渴望某事”Modern tourism routinely, and often shamelessly, exploits such myths, as the most casual glance through just about any brochure will attest.现代旅游业总是老一套并且十分无耻地开发这样的神话故事，这些随便在小册子上随便一瞥就可以得到证实。It is ably assisted by the travel-writing business, which, while purporting to be independent, is actually part of the marketing operation, complete with writers who depend for their livelihoods on the tour or resort operators. 这些还很巧妙的用游记产业来辅助配合，虽然声称这些游记是独立的，但是实际上是市场操作的一部分，连同那些生计依赖于旅游或度假胜地运营商的作家。Millions of people are thus launched yearly on a quest for paradise, or a voyage of self-discovery, into the midst of millions of others going about their daily business.每年成百万的人因此而出发去寻找天堂或者自我发现的航行，从而成为与他们一样的为之日日夜夜工作的人们Visions of reality collide, often resoundingly, which helps to explain why tourist have been shot in Egypt and pelted with cow dung and rotten fish in Goa and why many natives of Hawaiione of the archetypal tropical island “paradises”want a boycott of tourism, describing it as “the plague” suffered by a “historically oppressed people.”现实的幻想的碰撞，往往成功，也帮助解释了为什么游客会在埃及被拍下来且被扔牛粪与死鱼在果阿以及为什么许多一些原始热带岛屿的夏威夷原住民并想要联合抵制旅游业，并且被一些历史上受压迫的人描写为瘟疫。Faced with such responses, and with evidence of growing dissatisfaction, and unease, from its most discerning markets at home, the tourist industry has in the nineties made some attempts at reform.面对这样的反应与证据，不满与不安日益严重，从挑剔的国内市场，旅游业在九十年代做了一些改革尝试。Voluntary schemes such as Green Globe and the International Hotels Environment Initiative exhort us to shower rather than bathe, to confine ourselves to a single towel.自发的计划比如绿色全球与国际酒店环境管理协会劝告我们，用淋浴替代洗澡，限制自己使用一个毛巾。Many tour operators have adopted environmental guidelines。 We now have green or ”eco” tourism, supposedly a small-scale, environmentally friendly alternative to the mass version.许多旅行社都采用了环保方针。我们现在有绿色或“eco”旅游,可能成为为一个小规模的、环境友好的而替代大众版旅游。In 1995 the first U.N.-sponsored World Conference on Sustainable Tourism was staged; government and industry representatives from more than 150 countries turned up . More of us, it seems, are aware of the problem, and want to do the right thing.在1995年第一个联合国赞助的世界旅游业的可持续发展会议举行了,有政府和行业代表来自150多个国家出席。似乎更多的我们已经意识到这个问题,并且想要做有益的事。One poll by the World Trade Organization showed that 85 percent of German tourists want an “environmentally correct” holiday.一项据世界贸易组织的调查显示, 85%的德国游客想要一个“环境有益”的节日。Forty percent of Americans are said to be interested in “life enhancing,” as opposed to “sun seeking,” travel.百分之四十的美国人表示有兴趣“提升生活”,而不是“寻找阳光”旅游。(1)It is ably assisted by the travel-writing business, which, while purporting to be independent, is actually part of the marketing operation, complete with writers who depend for their livelihoods on the tour or resort operators.这些还很巧妙的用游记产业来辅助配合，虽然声称这些游记是独立的，但是实际上是市场操作的一部分，连同那些生计依赖于旅游或度假胜地运营商的作家。(2)Faced with such responses, and with evidence of growing dissatisfaction, and unease, from its most discerning markets at home, the tourist industry has in the nineties made some attempts at reform.面对这样的反应与证据，从最敏锐的国内市场发出不满与不安日益严重，旅游业在九十年代做了一些改革尝试。(3)We now have green or eco tourism, supposedly a small-scale, environmentally friendly alternative to the mass version.我们现在有绿色或“eco”旅游,可能成为为一个小规模的、环境友好的而替代大众版旅游。词汇：quest n. 追求；寻找vi. 追求； paradise n 天堂midst n. 当中，中间 prep.在中间 go about 从事，着手做vision n.势力，美景，幻想；vt.想象 collide vi.&vt.碰撞resoundingly adv.成功地 pelt vt.攻击，投掷，剥皮archetypal adj.原型的 tropical adj.热带的plague n.瘟疫 exhort vt. 忠告By themselves, however, good intentions are not enough.然而，根据他们自己的说法，仅有好的意图是不够的。Eco-tourism, for example, has been caricatured, with justice, as “ego-tourism-a smug, up-market restyling of the same old model.举个例子，生态旅游已经被歪曲成“自我旅行”，一个从旧模式到高档次的新模式的重新定义。Supposedly independent travelers, it is argued, priding themselves on their initiative and their individuality, are merely tourists in muftitheyre still rich (relatively), alien and passing through.有人认为,那些一向以自己的行动和他们的个性为荣的所谓的独立旅行者,只是游客穿便装。他们仍然是富有的（相对地），陌生的和经过的人。And why, when both have roughly similar effects, should life enhancing travel be regarded as superior to the sun-seeking version?为什么对于两个有着相似效果的旅行，“升华生命“的旅行就比”追求阳光“的旅行高级呢？At least the latter is honest about its motives. 至少，后者的动机是诚实的。In truth, there are no easy answers to the dilemmas posed by mass tourism. 事实上，旅行业所造成的这种尴尬问题是没有一个简单的答案的。Awareness, certainly, is a step forward-the knowledge of what it means to be a tourist.自我意识，当然是一个进步，更是一种对于作为一个旅行者的真正意义的理解。 With that comes the ability to make better choices, where and how and even whether to travel.那样就能够对于在哪、如何、甚至是否旅行做出更好的选择。An increasing number of nonprofit organizations offer working holidays, in which the economic and social asymmetries that lie at the heart of the holiday industry are somewhat redressed: The tourist takes but also gives. 越来越多的非盈利组织提供工作旅行，（原有的）经济和社会的不公平现象得到重新调整，在这样的旅行中，旅行者有所得但也有所付出。Among the best-known is the environmental research organization Earthwatch. 其中，最著名的就是环境研究机构Earthwatch。Such initiatives are undoubtedly one of the way