主谓一致语法讲解.doc

语法基本概念单词实词：名词、动词、数词、代词、形容词、副词虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词短语不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语、介词短语、独立短语句子1. 主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）Every minute counts.2. 主语+谓语动词（及物动词）+宾语The students all love their English teacher.3. 主语+系动词+表语Truth is the daughter of time.4. 主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He often gives his seat to an old person.5. 主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补语They considered that a downright lie. 他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词个体名词通常作不可数名词fun, advice, weather, progress, information, bread, butter, baggage, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, juice, luggage, luck, music, milk, meat, production, permission, practice, rubber, rice, soup, wealth, word (=news)特殊意义的名词复数papers文件，试卷，报纸，论文 goods货物，商品 glasses眼镜 sands沙滩 woods树林 times时代 arms武器 looks外表 works工产 pains努力 waters水域集体名词1. 通常作不可数名词的集体名词Clothing 衣服 furniture 家具 baggage/luggage行李 equipment设备 traffic交通machinery机械 produce产物这类集体名词的用法与不可数名词相当1） 形式上总是单数，没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语用单数。如：Our clothing protects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冷。2） 不可直接与a(n)或数词连用，表数量时用much, little, some, a piece of, an article of等，如：Each room has four pieces of furniture. 每间房有四件家具。3） 若需用代词，用单数代词。如：Do you want to see my jewelry? It is in the box. 你想看我的珠宝吗？它在我的箱子里。2. 通常作复数的集体名词police警察 cattle牛，家畜 这些集体名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。The police are looking for him. 警察当局正在找他。3. 即可作单数也可作复数的集体名词people人们，人民 family家庭，家人 team队 public公众，人群 audience听众 group团体 government政府 这些集体名词当作一个整体，用作单数，且常常与定冠词the连用；若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时，看作复数。The family are all fund of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。4. A committee, etc. of+复数名词如果主语是由“a committee/panel/board. of+复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。如：A committee of six men and five women is to consider the matter. 六男五女组成的委员会将考虑这个问题。例：The police _investigating the murder case. A. is B. are C. was D. were New machinery_introduced in the factory. A. is B. are C. was D. wereB C抽象名词的惯用法1） of+抽象名词=形容词，如：a man of ability=an able man有能力的人2） of+great+抽象名词=very+形容词，如：It is of great value.=It is very valuable. 这东西很贵重。3） of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词，如：It is of no use.=It is not useful.以-s结尾的名词的数1. 表示学科、游戏、疾病的名称以及像the United States这样的专有名词，用作单数。Physics is the mother of sciences. 物理为一切学科之母。Statistics is a branch of mathematics. 统计学是数学的分支。The statistics in that report are incorrect. 那份报告里的统计数字不正确。2. 表示衣物（如jeans, trousers, pants, pajamas），表示两部分构成的工具机械（如scissors, ）glasses, binoculars, scales, spectacles），表示山脉、群岛、瀑布的专有名词，某些以-ings结尾的名词（earnings, savings, surroundings），表示某类东西的总称9如clothes）以及不表示学科的以-ics结尾的词（如politics），都用作复数。如：My clothes are dirty. 我的衣服脏了。My earnings this year are not half of yours. 我今年的收入不到你的一半。限定词与名词的搭配关系只接单数Each, every, either, neither, many a(n), such a(n), what a(n)等只接复数Several, both, (a) few, a couple of, a number of等只接不可数名词(a) little, much, less, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等只接可数名词the first, the second, the last, the next等例：The statistics_that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. proves B. is proving C. are proving D. proveD主谓一致语法讲解（语法一致、意义一致和就近原则）1. 不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式；但如果主语为and连接的两个不定式、动名词以及从句时，谓语用复数形式。Reading often means learning.To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.2. 当主语由and连接，表示同一人、同一物或者同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，此时and连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The actor and singer was well received by the audience.3. 由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each，every，many a(n)，no时，谓语动词用单数。Each book and (each) paper is found in its place.4. each，every，each and every，either，neither，one，another，litter，a little和much作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.注意：复数主语+each之后用复数动词We each have our advantages.=We have our advantages each.5. Everyone，everybody，everything，anyone，anybody，anything，someone，somebody，something，no one，nobody，nothing作主语时，用单数动词。There is something wrong with my watch.6. None，some，any，more，most，all等代词作主语时，动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。All is right.All are present.7. “all，none，most，majority，part，enough，some，one half，the rest，the remainder，a portion等+of.”短语，或者more than.作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常由所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。More than one person is going to lose his job.More than 500 people are going to lose their jobs.8. 当中心词为度量、距离、时间、价格等复数名词的时候，谓语动词采用单数形式。Two miles is a short distance.9. 一般来说，不可数名词及可数名词的谓语用动词单数，可数名词复数的谓语用动词复数，但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Two thousand tons of coal were produced last year.10. 当主语后面跟有including，with，together with，along with，like，in addition to，as well as，rather than，as much as，more than，no less than，but，except，accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词不受这些词组的影响，与前面的主语一致。He as well as I wants to go boating.11. 在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中充当主语，谓语的数要跟先行词一致。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.12. 当or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also连接两个以上主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here，there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.13. 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。14. “the+形容词”作主语，代表单数名词时用单词动词；如果意义指一类人，则应视为复数，谓语动词也应该用复数。In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.15. 疑问代词which作主语时，其动词是单数还是复数根据which所指的单复数而定；但who作主语时，即使被问者是复数，通常也用单数动词。Which is more valuable, health or wealth?Which are prettier, these or those?Who wants to come with me?-We do.1. All the Presidents Men_one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A. remain B. remains C. remained D. is remaining2. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _for Europe this afternoon.A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. Leave3. How close parents are to their children_ a strong influence on the character of the children.A. have B. has C. having D. to have4. It is futile(徒劳无益的）to discuss the matter further, because_going to agree upon anything today.A. neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is C. neither you nor I am D. neither me nor you are5. You may find each children in the kindergarten_a different answer to the question.A. give B gives C. gave D. Giving6. The iron and steel industry_an important part in our economy.A. plays B. played C. play D. playing7. My cousin, who _ a painter, is in Japan at present.A. are B is C was D were8. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _saved for other purposes.A is B are C was D were9. One-third of the country _covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people.A. is;are B. is;is C. are;are D. are;is10. Either you or one of your students _to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A. are B. is C. have D. Be练习题1.Three _ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.A. hundreds peopleB. hundred peopleC. hundreds peoplesD. hundred peoples2. Either you or the president _ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out3. I, who _ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.A. amB. isC. areD. be4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 _ in Beijing of China, which _ known to us all.A. is to hold; isB. is to be held; was C. are to hold; isD. are to be held; is5. There _ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _ up.A. were; itB. are; them C. was; itD. is; them6. Three million tons of coal _ every year in the city.A. is exploited B. are exploited C. had exploitedD. have exploited7. Stories of the Long March _ popular with the young people now.A. isB. wasC. areD. were8. Mathematics _ the language of science.A. areB. are going to beC. isD. is to be9. Both rice and wheat _ grown in our country.A. isB. areC. wasD. were10. _ either of your parents come to see you recently?A. HaveB. HadC. HasD. Is11. What the children in the mountain village need _ good books.A. is B. areC. haveD. has12. The whole family _ TV attentively.A. are watchingB. is watching C. is seeingD. are seeing13. Nothing but several glasses _ bought by my father the day before yesterday.A. wasB. wereC. have beenD. would be14. At the bus stop _ a soldier and two youngpeople on their way to the village.A. wereB. wasC. isD. sits15. If law and order _, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.A. are not preservedB. is not preserved C. were preservedD. have not been preserved16. There _ little change in that middle school.A. haveB. hadC. have beenD. has been17. What such a sunset is _ strange to us all.A. going to beB. /C. isD. that18. Seventy-five percent of the earths surface _ with water.A. is coveredB. is coveringC. were coveredD. are covered19. The following _ some other mental diseases.A. beingB. areC. wasD. were20. Not only you but also I _ able to help him out.A. areB. isC. amD. were21. “ The Kites” _ us a story of the kites history.A. have toldB. tellsC. were toldD. was told22. You and I _ twin sisters.A. wereB. areC. isD. am23. A t