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Nobel Prize in in Physiology or Medicine,2015 Nobel prise gainer,William C. Campbells,Satoshi mura,Youyou Tu,William C. Campbells Satoshi mura,For their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites,William C. Campbell and Satoshi mura discovered a new drug, Avermectin, the derivatives of which have radically lowered the incidence of River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis, as well as showing efficacy against an expanding number of other parasitic diseases.,威廉C坎贝尔和大智村发现了一种新的药物，阿维菌素，其衍生物从根本上降低河盲症和淋巴丝虫病的发病率，以及对扩大其他寄生虫病的治疗。,Youyou Tu,Youyou Tu discovered Artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from Malaria.,屠呦呦发现青蒿素，一种药物，显著地降低了患疟疾的死亡率。,Summary,These two discoveries have provided humankind with powerful new means to combat these debilitating diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people annually. The consequences in terms of improved human health and reduced suffering are immeasurable.,这两个发现为人类提供了强大的新的手段来治疗这些使人衰弱的疾病，每年影响数以百万计的人。改善人类健康和减少痛苦的价值是无法估量的。,2011 Nobel prise gainer,Bruce A. Beutler,Jules A. Hoffmann,Ralph M. Steinman,Bruce A. BeutlerJules A. Hoffmann,their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity,关于激活先天免疫的发现,Ralph M. Steinman,his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity,他的树突状细胞的发现及其在适应性免疫中的作用,Summary,This years Nobel Laureates have revolutionized our understanding of the immune system by discovering key principles for its activation.Scientists have long been searching for the gatekeepers of the immune response by which man and other animals defend themselves against attack by bacteria and other microorganisms. Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann discovered receptor proteins that can recognize such microorganisms and activate innate immunity, the first step in the bodys immune response. Ralph Steinman discovered the dendritic cells of the immune system and their unique capacity to activate and regulate adaptive immunity, the later stage of the immune response during which microorganisms are cleared from the body.The discoveries of the three Nobel Laureates have revealed how the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response are activated and thereby provided novel insights into disease mechanisms. Their work has opened up new avenues for the development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases.,今年的诺贝尔奖获得者已经彻底改变了我们对免疫系统的理解为其激活发现关键原则。科学家们一直在寻找免疫应答的守门者，人类和其他动物保卫自己抵御细菌和其他微生物的攻击。布鲁斯博伊特勒和Jules Hoffmann发现了能识别微生物并激活先天免疫的受体蛋白，在机体的免疫应答反应的第一步。Ralph Steinman发现了免疫系统的树突状细胞和激活并调节适应性免疫的独特的能力，对以后的免疫反应中，微生物是从身体清除阶段。这三位诺贝尔奖获得者的发现揭示了先天的免疫反应和适应性阶段被激活，从而为疾病机理提供了新的见解。他们的工作为预防和治疗感染、癌症和炎症性疾病的发展开辟了新的途径。,Malaria(疟疾),疟疾的病因主要分为3大方面：病因，病原体为疟原虫，感染红细胞所致；发病机制：疟原虫寄生在红细胞内，并大量破坏红细胞；流行病学，疟疾是世界上危害最严重的寄生虫病之疟疾的临床症状完全由疟原虫的无性生殖所引起，患者血中疟原虫必须达到相当浓度才能引起临床发作。临床发冷期是因疟原虫成熟裂殖体引起红细胞破裂，大量裂殖子进入血浆，与疟原虫的代谢产物所产生的异性蛋白反应有关。因疟原虫裂殖体成熟时间各不相同，所以各型疟疾的发作时间也随之而异。疟原虫寄生在红细胞内，并大量破坏红细胞，引起选行性贫血疾可引起全身网状内皮细胞增生，故有肝脾肿大；恶性疟疾的脑型患者还可出现脑组织充血、水肿、白质内有弥漫性小出血点。,My interesting,病因与分类,疟疾的病原体为疟原虫。可感染人类的疟原虫共有4种，即间日疟原虫（Plasmodiumvivax）、卵形疟原虫（P.ovale）、三日疟原虫（P.malariae）和恶性疟原虫（P.falciparum）。间日疟和卵圆疟发作开始为突然寒战发抖，随即反复发热，出汗。为期一周形成间歇性发作的典型模式。头痛或短期不适后，随即寒战发抖，发热持续18小时。热退后，病人感到舒适，直到下次寒战前。间日疟新发作趋向于每48小时发一次。恶性疟发作开始为寒战，体温逐渐上升，然后突然下降。发作可持续2036小时。病人感到比间日疟重和严重头痛。发作间期为3672小时，此期常感难受和低热。三日疟常为突然发作。发作类似间日疟，但为每72小时发一次。疟疾为单细胞病原体，疟原虫感染红细胞所致。疟疾的传播为受染雌性按蚊叮咬，输入含疟原虫血，或用注射过疟疾病人的针注射所致。疟原虫有4种间日疟原虫，卵圆疟原虫，恶性疟原虫和三日疟原虫能感染人而致疟疾。,My interesting,疟原虫的生活史,My interesting,青蒿素治疗,青蒿素是我国学者从中药青蒿中提取的新药，其衍生物已用于临床的有青蒿琥酯、蒿甲醚及双氢青蒿素。青蒿琥酯（artesunate）：常用的是5天疗法，2次/d，50mg/次，首日剂量加倍，连服5天。复发率为5.1%。不能口服的患者可以肌内注射或静脉注射，肌注l次/d，60mg/次，首剂加倍，疗程7天，复发率为25%。静脉注射总剂量240mg，分4次于0.4、24及48小时注射，可迅速控制症状。其平均退热时间为14.62.0小时，平均原虫消除时间为64.l68.2小时，但复发率高达51.3%，需继续口服片剂。蒿甲醚：为油剂，有口服胶囊及肌内注射剂。口服2次/d，80mg/次，连服5天。不能口服者可以肌内注射油剂1次/d，80mg/次，首剂加倍，共5天，平均退热时间为2