人教版八年级英语语法整理.docx

人教版八年级上册英语语法整理Unit 1 How often do you exercise?特殊疑问句：wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。特殊疑问句的构成及用法：1. 结构：特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句， 即：特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语（+其他）疑问代词：1) Who:谁。做主语，用来指人 Who is the boy under the tree?2）Whom 谁，做宾语，用来指人 Whom are you writing to?3) Whose 谁的，用来指所属关系，如果做定语，一般后接名词 Whose pen is this?4) Which 哪个，哪些，用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lilys?5)What什么，通常指物，也可指人，一般用在没有指出范围的情况下 What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?疑问副词：1) When:何时，询问时间When will she come back?2) Where何地，询问地点， Where do you come from?3) Why为什么，询问原因， Why are you late for school?4) How如何，询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?5) How old多大，询问年龄，How old is Jims little brother?6) How many/much多少，询问数量How many birds are there in the tree?7) How far多远，询问距离， How far is it form your home to school?8) How long多长，多久，询问时间的长度或距离 How long will you stay in Beijing?9) How often多长时间按一次，询问频率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?10) How soon多久，询问时间 How soon will you come back?频率副词：表示动作发生的频率，never, sometimes, often, usually, always.Unit 2 Whats the matter with you?1.用have来描述身体不适 have/have got a +疾病名字；得了病2.情态动词should,情态动词should,can, may, must没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?现在进行时表将来一般将来时表示将要做某事或计划打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助动词，它有人称和单复数的变化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是现在进行时的形式，但用于表示将来。用进行时表将来，常用于表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情，一般指个人计划要做的事。用于此情况的动词一般是表示位置转移的动词，如，go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。一肯定句中，结构为“be+doing.”I am going shopping this afternoon.二否定句是在be之后加not.Im not going to shopping this afternoon.三一般疑问句是将be置于句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?Yes, I am/ we are.No, Im not./ We arent.四特殊疑问句“疑问词+一般疑问句语序。”What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping?Who are you going there with? Where is she going?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Grammar:How引导的特殊疑问句：是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等词开头的疑问句。How does he get to shool?- He takes the train to get to shool.How long does it take to walk? -It takes about 35 minutes to walk.How far is it from your home to school? Its four miles from my home to school.How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.特殊疑问句的简略结构：how about?+ 名词或动词-ing形式，用于提出建议、请求或征求意见、询问消息等。如：How about playing tennis?Unit 5Can you come to my party?Can 是最长用的情态动词，其后跟动词原形，can的否定形式为cannot，cant.1. can表“能力”，意思是：能，会 I can paly basketball,but I cant swim.2. can表示能力时可和be able to 互换，be able to有更多的时态，常被用来表示can所 不能表示的将来或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.3. 表示“可能性”，意思是：可以，可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.4. 表示允许，意思是可以能够 You can have the book when I have finished it.5. 表示“惊讶、不相信等（用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中”。意思是“会、可能。”This cant be true. Can it be true?二如何发出、接受和谢绝别人的邀请1. 表达邀请的常用句型：Can you come to?Could you come to?Would you like to come to?Do you want to come to?2. 接受邀请的常用句型：Sure.Certainly. OK. Id love to.3. 谢绝邀请的常用句型：Im sorry, I cant. I have toIm afraid I cant. I have toI dont think I can. I have toUnit 6Im more outgoing than my sister.Grammar:形容词的比较级一规则变化、不规则变化（课本P93）二than 是比较级中最常见的标志词，意思是“比”。用于引出比较的对象。1.He draws better than me.2.Youre older than I am. You are older than me.三形容词比较级前，有时可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等词来修饰。Much 和far表示“得多”,much better好得多，a little, a bit表示稍微，一些，一点。a little shorter, 稍微矮点；even表示“甚至，更加，还要”even bigger还要大些，three times表示 “三倍”，如three times bigger than 比大三倍Very绝不可以用来修饰比较级，very,so,too, quite 修饰原级Unit 7How do you make banana milk shake?一可数名词英语中的物质名词大体上可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词指物体的数量可数。其单数形式可在名词前加a或an,表示一个，如a pear. 其负数形式要在词尾加-s,或-es（特殊情况除外），如two bananas, three tomatoes. Manymany apples a few studentsfew bags二不可数名词1.不可数名词指物体的数量不可数。不可数名词没有单复数之分，也不能在词前直接加冠词a 或an.表示不可数名词的数量时可在不可数名词前加相应的由量词构成的短语。如a bag of 2.常见的量词短语有：a piece of a cup of a teaspoon of a bottle of3.不可数名词还可以用下面的词表示数量：muchmuch rain a little little4.既可以修饰不可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的词有：Lots of= a lot of许多，大量 some一些（用于肯定句）any一些（用于否定句和一般疑问句）Unit 8How was your school trip?一般过去时：指在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去意义的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last year(week,month),two years ago, in2006等。有时也可用when,after,before, as soon as引导的时间状语从句。该时态在句中的体现是谓语动词用过去式。谓语be动词was/were 否定：wasnt /werent一Be动词句型一般疑问句：was/were +主语特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语陈述句：主语+was/were+(肯定句) 否定句：主语+wasnt/werent+二行为动词句型（当句中的动词为行为动词时，要借助动词did构成一般疑问句和否定句）肯定式：主语+动词过去式否定式：主语+didnt+动词原形一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形特殊疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形Unit 9 When was he born?一般过去时的特殊疑问句的变法同一般现在时一样，不同之处在于须将be动词或助动词改为过去时态，即“特殊疑问词+were或was(第三人称单数)+主语+（表语）+其他成分”或“特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+实义动词+其他成分。”一、以when引导的特殊疑问句，对某人的出生年月进行提问，句型是：When was/wereborn? was/were born in +时间When was David beckham born? 大卫.贝克汉姆是什么时候出生的？He was born in 1975.二以how long 引导的特殊疑问句，对表示某一短时间的状语进行提问。How long did + 主语+动词？How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.三When did he start hiccupping? 他什么时候开始打嗝？When +did+主语+动词？Unit 10 Im going to be a basketball player.Grammar:一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。1. be going to + 动词原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?2. will/shall +动词原形I will go to my hometown next week.3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.4. be +动词不定式 You are to be back by 10 oclock.5. be + about + 动词不定式 The meeting is about to begin.Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?Grammar:情态动词情态动词，表示说话者对某一动作的看法和态度，包括可能、怀疑、允许、愿望、必要、猜测等。Can(能、会),may( 可以),must( 必须、一定)等。情态动词的特点：(1)情态动词有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和另一个动词原形一起构成谓语，且没有人称和数的变化。1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now.(2)变否定句时，直接在情态动词后面加not,无需加助动词。He cant play the guitar well.He cant answer the question. You mustnt be late.(3)含有情态动词的句子变一般疑问句时，须将情态动词提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?(4)can 可表示能力、允许、可能性、怀疑猜测，意为“能，会，可以。”cant, 意为“不能，不会，不可以。”，还有“不可能”之意。-Can you drive? Sorry, I cant. It cant be true.(5)can 也可表示请求与邀请Can you please sweep the floor?Unit12 Whats the best radio station?Grammar:形容词/副词的最高级，用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较，表示在一群人或事物中，其中一个 “最”见课本p93语法1. the +最高级 She is the tallest of all her classmates.2. 最高级可被序数词以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修饰。This hat is by far the biggest.3. 表示最高程度的形容词，excellent, extreme, prefect等没有最高级也不能用比较级。He is an excellent teacher.4. 形容词最高级间修饰做表语或介词并与的名词代词是，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the youngest (boy) in his class.5. Who/Which +be+最高级，A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car?6. the +序数词+最高级 He is the second tallest student in our class.7. One of the +最高级+复数名词The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.新目标八年级下册 英语语法知识点精讲+练习（一）一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下：一般疑问句构成： （1）will+主语+do? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be ? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there wont 否定句构成：will + not （wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词will主语？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 练一练根据例句，用will改写下列各句 例：I dont feel well today. （be better tomorrow） Ill be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _ 2. Im tired now. （sleep later） _ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _ 4. We cant leave right now. （leave a little later） _ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _答案：1. Shell have a lot of homework tonight. 2. Ill sleep later. 3. Theyll buy one soon. 4. Well leave a little later. 5. Maybe itll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法： should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。 Students shouldnt spend too much time playing computer games. 学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。 学习向别人提建议的几种句式： （1）I think you should （2）Well, you could （3）Maybe you should （4）Why dont you? （5）What about doing sth.? （6）Youd better do sth. 练一练 用should或shouldnt填空 1. I cant sleep the night before exams. You _ take a warm shower before you go to bed. 2. Good friends _ argue each other. 3. There is little milk in the glass. We _ buy some. 4. They didnt invite you? Maybe you _ be friendlier. 5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _ do exercises every day. 答案：1. should2. shouldnt3. should4. should5. should（三）过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。 1. 构成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock last night是时间点 They were playing football all afternoon. all afternoon是时间段 2. 过去进行时的标志词 at 8 oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。 At that time she was writing a book. 那阵子她在写一本书。（表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。）练一练用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. This time yesterday I _ _（read）books. 2. At 9 oclock last Sunday they _ _（have）a party. 3. When I _（come）into the classroom, she _ _（read）a storybook. 4. She _ _（play）computer games while her mother _ _（cook）yesterday afternoon. 5. I _ _（have）a shower when you _（call）me yesterday. 答案：1. was reading2. were having3. came; was reading 4. was playing; was cooking5. was having; called（四）间接引语形成步骤： （1）不要逗号，冒号，引号 （2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一致的） （3）要考虑时态的变化 （4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。 1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律直接引语间接