外研社必修七 moudule 6 原文.doc

外研版选修七M6英语课文Module6ReadingandVocabularyPart1TheAmazingCavesofZhoukoudianZhoukoudianisasmallvillageabout50kilometressouth-westofBeijing.Inthe1920s,archaeologistsdiscoveredsomeprehistorichumanbonestherewhichchangedChinasknowledgeofitshistory.TheycamefromanunknownspeciesofmanandwerethefirstevidenceofprimitivehumanlifeinChinathousandsofyearsago.Theremainswere.threeteeth!In1929,acompleteskullwasalsodiscovered.Eventually,archaeologistsfoundalmost200items,includingsixskullsandmorethan150teeth.Thesediscoveriesprovedtheexistenceofahumanspecieswholivedintheareabetween700,000and200,000yearsago.FoursiteswhereBeijingManandhisrelationslivedwerediscoveredonthenorthernfaceofDragonBoneHill(Longgushan).Theylivedinthelimestonecavesinthearea.However,thelifespanofBeijingManwasshort.About70%ofthepeopleprobablydiedbeforetheageof14.Fewerthan5%livedtotheageof50.Evenso,theywerequitesophisticated.Asheswerefoundalongsidethefossilswhichshowedtheyusedfireforcookingfoodandalsoforlight,warmthandprotectionfromwildbeasts.Thisistheearliestevidenceoftheuseoffireanywhereintheworld.Theyalsomadetoolsofbonesandsharpenedstones.Unfortunately,whenJapaninvadedChinain1937,excavationsattheBeijingManSitestoppedandmostofthefossilsdisappeared,includingaBeijingManskull.Theyhaveneverbeenfound.AfterthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasestablishedin1949,theworkstartedagainandZhoukoudianbecameanimportanttouristattraction.ZhoukoudianwaslistedasaworldheritagesiteinDecember1987.IthasnotonlygivenusimportantinformationaboutprehistoricAsiansocieties,butalsohasprovidedamazingevidenceabouttheprocessofevolution.AttheSuzhouconferenceinJune2004,oneofthedelegatespraisedChinasworkonheritagesites,Chinahasdoneexcellentworkinprotectingworldheritage,bothtangibleandintangible.Tangibleculturalheritageincludesmuseumsandmonumentsthingsyoucanseeandtouch.Butwhatisintangibleculturalheritage?Intangibleculturalheritage,whichisalsocalledlivingculturalheritage,consistsofthefollowingfeatures:1OralHeritageThisincludeslanguages,spokenliterature,music,dance,games,customsandknowledgeoftraditionalcraftwork.Italsoincludestheculturalplaceswherepopularandtraditionalculturalactivitiestakeplace(forexample,sitesforstory-tellingandfestivals,etc.). 2LivingHumanTreasuresLivinghumantreasuresarepeoplewhohavetheknowledgeandskillsrequiredfortheculturaltraditionsoftheirsociety.3EndangeredLanguagesEndangeredlanguagesarelanguagesspokenbyonlyafewpeopleandlanguageswhicharenottaughttonewinhabitantsoftheregion.Forexample,therearenearly60languagesinAustraliawhichareendangered,oraredisappearing.4TraditionalMusicoftheWorldMusicaltraditionsaroundtheworldformpartoftheintangibleheritageofmankindinthesamewayasmonumentsandnaturalsites.Forexample,Kunquopera,wasfoundedbeforetheMingDynasty(13681644)inKunshan,nearSuzhou.UNESCOaddedKunqutoitsintangibleheritagelistin2001ChineseCulturalHeritageBidforUNESCOTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)andtheMid-AutumnFestivalcouldbelistedonthedirectoryofworldintangibleculturalheritageifabidtoUNESCOissuccessful.TheycouldjointheChineseartsofGuqinMusicandKunquOperaasworldintangibleheritages.UNESCOhas47itemsontheworldheritagelist,includingChineseKunquOperaandGuqinMusic.Everytwoyearsthedirectoryisenlargedbygivingeachcountrythechancetorecommendonecandidate.Nodiscriminationismadeagainstcountrieswhichmakeregularbids,soalthoughtheprocessislong,thereisastrongpossibilitythatTCMandtheMid-AutumnFestivalwillbeaccepted.Whilethebidisgoingthrough,thestategovernmentallocatesfundsforeachitemsprotection.TheapplicationforTCMwouldhighlightthefactthattraditionalChinesemedicineisaculturethathasexistedforthousandsofyears.IfTCMisacceptedontheUNESCOlist,doctorsandpractitionerswouldadvocatebothitsadvantagesanditslegalstatusabroad.ThetheoriesandexperiencesofoldTCMpractitionerswouldcontinuetobecollected,andtreatmentwouldbeextendedintootherareasofmedicine,suchasresearchintotheAIDSvirusandmalaria.Butsomepeoplefeelthatthereneedstobeacompromisebetweenthetermheritagewhichsuggestssomethingold-fashioned,andthefactthatTCMisstilldevelopingasamedicalscience.Mid-AutumncelebrationsreflectChineseculturaltraditions.Withmorethan50millionChineselivingandworkingoverseas,theMid-AutumnFestivalremindsthemoftheirChineseoriginsandwouldhelptouniteChinesepeopleallovertheworld.Plansforaseminarofexpertsonthefestivalhavebeenannounced,whichwillrecommendsymbolicambassadorstopromotethebid.OtherexamplesofChinasintangibleculturalheritageincludetheancientartofShaolinkungfu,theworldslongestepicpoemofTibetanKingGesser,andChen-styleTaiChi.UNESCOsagendafortheworldstangibleandintangibleheritageisalsotoactasawarningsystemforsiteswhichareatthemercyofredevelopment,pollutionoreventheeffectsoftourism,andculturalactivitieswhichareindanger.UNESCOundertakestotakesitesofftheWorldHeritagelistiftheirpresentstateisthreatenedbyanabsenceofprotection.Gettingacceptedonthelististheresultnotsimplyofasubjectiverecommendationbyinterestedgroups,butofculturaldiplomacybygovernmentsandathoroughunderstandingofthebureaucraticsystemofUNESCO.Inreturn,UNESCOrecognisestheautonomyofprovincial,federalandstateculturalorganisations,butofferssupportandguidancewhenrequested.SantaFesLivingTreasuresTheLivingTreasuresProgramoriginatedinSantaFe,NewMexicointheUSAin1984andhasnowspreadtodozensofothercommunitiesacrossthecountry.ItstartedwhenaSantaFeorganisationcalledtheNetworkfortheCommonGoodwasestablished.Theideawastocelebratethelivesofmembersoftheoldergeneration.OlderpeopleareeasilyforgottenorignoredinacountryliketheUSA,saidRobinRodar,oneoftheorganisers.Youthandnewthingsseemmoreimportanttoalotofpeople.Thisisntthewaywithothercultures.InNewMexico,olderpeoplefromHispanicandnativeAmericanculturespreservetheirtraditionsandlanguages.Theextendedfamilyisimportantandgrandparentsarerespected.ThisisalsotrueinAsiancultures.Infact,theSantaFeorganisersgottheideafortheLivingTreasuresProgramfromaJapanesetraditionofhonouringfolkartists.Twiceayear,inspringandautumn,theprogramhonoursthreeolderNewMexicans.TheyareaskedtogivealonginterviewanoralhistorywhichistapedandpreservedattheSantaFePublicLibrary.Aphotographerspendsadaywitheachlivingtreasureandthep