英语修辞讲义-美学修辞Aesthetic+Rhetoric.ppt

EnglishRhetoric 第三讲 美学修辞AestheticRhetoric Chapter9SyntacticFiguresofSpeech 9 1Climax9 2Anticlimax9 3Syllepsis9 4Zeugma9 5Chiasmus9 6Asyndeton9 7Polysyndeton9 8Rhetoricalquestion 9 1Climax Climax 层进法 isthearrangementofwords phrases clausesorsentencesinascendingorderofimportance forceandintensity fromlighttoweighty Ideasarrangedinsuchawaydevelopgradually likeclimbingaladder eachideaoutweighingtheprecedingoneuntilreachingthesummit Forexample 1 Whatlightistotheeyes whatairistothelungs whatloveistotheheart libertyistothesoulofman R G Ingersoll 2 ItisanoutragetobindaRomancitizen toscourgehimisacrime toputhimtodeathisalmostparricide Cicero 3 Theworldwatches Theworldlistens Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo RichardNixon 4 Somebooksaretobetasted otherstobeswallowed andsomefewtobechewedanddigested FrancisBacon Thesuccessfulconstructionofclimaxdependsmuchonthecharacterofthethoughtandgoodcommandofvocabulary climaxiswidelyusedbyspeakersandwriterstostirupfeelingsandemotionsanddrivehomeapoint Theprogressionofthoughtinclimaxmustascendatleastthreesteps andusedtogetherwithrepetitivedevicessuchasparallelism anaphora epiphora Forexample 1 Addtoyourfaithvirtue andtovirtueAddtoyourfaithvirtue andtovirtueknowledge andtoknowledgetemperance Andtotemperancepatience andtopatiencegodliness andtogodlinessbrotherlykindness andtobrotherlykindnesscharity TheBible 2 Havingpowermakestotalitarianleadershipisolated isolationbreedsinsecurity insecuritybreedssuspicionandfear suspicionandfearbreedsviolence 9 1Climax 9 2Anticlimax Anticlimax 突降法 afigureofspeechthatinvolvesstatingone sthoughtsindescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity fromthesublimetotheridiculous fromstrongtoweak fromweightytolightorfrivolous Popecallsittheartofsinking asortofladdertogetdownby Forexample 1 Weoftenjokedabouthispassionateloveforhisdaughter hiscatandhisashtray 2 Whereshallwefindhope happiness friendsandcigarettes 3 Therewerenoheroicdeedstodo nolionstoface nojudgestodefy butafewroomstotidyup 4 Ilovemymotherland Ilovemypeople Ilovemywifeandmysonandmydaughter Ialsolovemyprettylittledog 9 2Anticlimax Anticlimaxisthearrangementofsuccessivewords phrases clausesorsentencesinthewaythattheideasgetssteadilylessimportantorlessinterestingasitproceeds Anticlimaxmayalsobethearrangementofoneormoresignificantorelevatedideasfollowedbyanabsurdortrivialidea Climaxusuallyneedsatleast steps uptheladdertoachieveeffect butanticlimaxneedsonlytwostepsofdescendstogainemphasis Anticlimaxisfortheeffectofbeingcomicorhumorous AnticlimaxisoftenemployedtoridiculeorsatirizeAnticlimaxisusedtoachieveemphasis 9 2Anticlimax Examples 1 Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes forhumorandivory 2 Seldomhasacitygainedsuchrenown andIamproudandhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima atownknownthroughouttheworldforits oysters JacquesDanvoir forblackhumororsatire 3 Shefearsthunderandlightning shefearsdogsandcats shefearsmothsandcaterpillars forlightirony 4 ForGod forAmerica andforYale sloganoftheYaleUniversity 5 Religion creditandtheeyearenottobetouched proverb 6 Shehadawarmandsympatheticpersonality aquickandperceptiveintelligence beautifulfeathers andrealskillatbowling WilmaR EbbittandDavidR Ebbitt 9 3Syllepsis Syllepsis 一笔双叙 对寓法 isaconstructioninwhichthewordthatgovernstwoormoreotherwordsmeansdifferentlywhenitiscollocatedwiththesewordsseparately oneinliteralmeaningandtheotherinfigurativemeaning Intermedofstructure syllepsistakesthefollowingforms 1 oneverb twoormorenounsornounphrasesa Theirtalkcontinuedontheirthreedays horsebackjourney andfinallytheyarrivedatthetownhallandanagreement b Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelesschild c sheswallowedbreadandbutterandaspasmofemotion 9 3Syllepsis 2 Oneadjective twoormorenounsa Shehadshortcoat tailandtemper b Ontheoppositesideofthestreetwasarestaurantofnogreatpretensions Itcateredtolargeappetitesandmodestpurses Itscrockeryandatmospherewerethick itssoupandnaperythin c Shehaltedinthedistrict wherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet hearts vows andlibrettos 3 onepreposition twoormorenounsornounphrasesa Hefoughtwithdesperationandastoutclub b Shewasservingsoupwithaladleandascowl c MissLirosefromthetableconsiderablyagitated andwentstraighthome inafloodoftearsandasedanchair 9 3Syllepsis 4 twonouns oneverba Timeandherauntmovedslowly b Atlengthdownwentherheadandoutcamethetruthandtears 5 thefollowingcanberegardedasaninflectionofsyllepsisa Headdressedyouandme anddesiredustofollowhim b Wemustallhangtogetherorassuredlywewillallhangseparately 6 somedeadsyllepsisoutofrepeatedusagea Thenewlyelectedchairmantooktheoathandhisseat b Headvisedustokeepourpublicimageintactandourstudentsintheirseats 9 4Zeugma Zeugma 拈连 兼用法 isafigureofspeechinwhichawordisusedtomodifyorgoverntwoormorewordsalthoughitsuseisnotgrammaticallyorlogicallycorrectwithallofthem Zeugmausuallytakesthefollowingforms 1 oneverb twonounsa Thesunshallnotburntheebydaynorthemoonbynight TheBible b DuringourwaragainsttheDutch herecalled Iwasapacifist butstillapatriot Otherpeoplecarriedguns Icarriedwords Whereverpeoplegathered IspokeagainstDutch c Weateabunandaglassofmilk 9 4Zeugma 2 Oneadjective twoormorenounsa Theywenttothegraveyardwithweepingeyesandhearts b Itismuchbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter 3 onepreposition twoormorenounsa Allofhispurchasesofrecentyearshadtobeliquidatedatagreatsacrificebothtohishealthandhispocketbook b Shewasdressedinamaid scap apinafore andabrightsmile c Shelefthisapartmentwithtarnishedvirtueandanewmink 4 twonouns onenouna whenIandmysorrowsaredust b Iwouldmyhorsehadthespeedofyourtongue 9 5Chiasmus Chiasmus 回文 isaconstructioninvolvingtherepetitionofwordsorsyntacticelementsinreverseorder ab ba Itmayservethepurposeofbeingseriousorsolemn wittyorhumorousandoftenachievestheaphoristiceffect Uses 1 repetitionofthewordsinreverseorder a Livesimply sothatothersmaysimplylive b Triflesmakeperfection andperfectionisnotrifle c Sheisveryforgetfulandsosheworriesagreatdeal sheworriesagreatdealandsoshebecomesevenmoreforgetful d Beautyistruth truthbeauty 9 5Chiasmus 2 repetitionofthesyntacticelementsinreverseorder a Shewasanangelonthesurface butatheartaknave b Tostoptoofearful andtoofainttogo c ShewenttoParis toNewYorkwenthe d Whoevershallexalthimselfshallbeabased andhethatshallhumblehimselfshallbeexalted 3 ChiasmusisemployedinmeditationofsociallifeinmodernandcontemporaryEnglish forexpressingsophisticatedidea deepthoughtandeventwistedconceptsinthecomplexsociety 9 5Chiasmus Amanmaynotalwaysbewhatheappearstobe butwhatheappearstobeisalwaysasignificantpartofwhatheis WilliardGaylin Youcannotbetrulyfreeunlesswearefreetoo forsuchisthenatureofthingsthathewhoentrenchesonthelibertyofothersisthefirsttolosehisownandbecomeaslave Milton Insteadofthemachinebeingthesubstituteforhumanenergy manhasbecomeasubstituteforthemachine butthisveryformulationisindicativeoftheunderliningattitude thereisahumanbeingspendingmostofhislifetimeatwork andwhatshouldbediscussedisthe industrialproblemofhumanbeings ratherthan thehumanproblemofindustry ErichFromm 9 6Asyndeton Asyndeton 连接词省略 referstothedeliberateomissionoftheco coordinatorinaseriesofwords phrasesorclauses Purposes 1 torelateaseriesofcloselyconnectedfacts events ideasoremotions 2 toshowthataseriesofevents feelings ideasoccurinrapidsuccession 9 6Asyndeton Examples 1 Icame Isaw Iconquered toshowthecloseness 2 Thewindblew thecloudsgathered therainfell Ilooked Icalled nooneanswered toshowtherapidity 3 Nothingisinsidethem theyweresealedupbeforethecreationofpestilenceortreasure fororbecause 4 Thesidesofthetunnelareleftrough theyimpingeasanafterthoughtupontheinternalperfection so 5 Thewoodswerealivewiththecallofblackbirds thrushes finches woodpigeons Polysyndeton 反复使用连接词 isastylisticdevicethatusesseveralconjunctions usuallythesameonemainly and and or insuccessiontolinkupaseriesofthings ideasoreventstoincreaseemphasisonallitemslisted Functions 1 toquickenthemovementsofversebyaddingshotsyllables 2 toconveymoodoratmosphereinagivensituationandcontext 3 tostressapointinargumentorpersuasioninnon literarywriting 9 7Polysyndeton 9 7Polysyndeton Examples 1 Befruitful andmultiply andreplenishtheearth andsubdueit andhavedominionoverthefishofthesea andoverthefowloftheair andovereverylivingthingthatmovethupontheearth andthefloodwasfortydaysupontheearth andthewatersincreases andbareuptheark anditwasliftedupabovetheearth TheBible 2 Thetentissoakedandheavyanditflopsabout andtumblesdownonyou andclingsroundyourhead andmakesyoumad J K Jerome 3 Anypersonwhowithoutlawfulauthorityentersorattemptstoenteranyprisonpropertyorloitersaboutornearorcommunicatesorattemptstocommunicateinanywaywithanyprisonerisliabletoimprisonmentforatermofsixmonthsorapenaltyof 200orboth 9 8Rhetoricalquestion Arhetoricalquestionisonethatdoesnotneedananswer fortheanswerissuggestedbythespeaker orpresumedbythespeakertobefairlyobviousorprobablyknowntotheaudience Purposes 1 layinganemphasis2 beingatransitionaldevice3 beingadevicetosuggestthespeaker soutburstofemotion4 showingaprocessofreasoningbyusingaseriesofrhetoricalquestions 9 8R