《国贸专业英语》第8章资料InternationalTransportation.doc

Unit 8 International Transportation 国际运输A clear explanation is given to terms like cargo(货物) , freight （运费）and various kinds of containers（集装箱） and their usages. Transportation by vessel（船只） is cheap but cargoes are often subjected to （遭受）many damages. The fastest way of international transportation is air cargo service with fast ground handling (地面勤务)of cargo. 本文清楚地解释了一些术语如货物、运费、各种集装箱及其用途。船只运输便宜，但货物常遭受各种损坏。最快捷的国际运输方式是空运和快捷的地面托运相配合。Key terms: cargo 货物 container 集装箱 air shipment 空运 marine transport 海运1. International shipments are most often sent by ship, aircraft, rail, or truck. 国际物资经常通过船只、飞机、铁路或卡车运送。Each has advantages and disadvantages in terms of(在方面)cost, speed, and risk .在运输成本、速度、和风险方面，这4种运输方式各有利弊。The right choice is often of critical（决定性的） importance to the shipper （托运人，发货人，货主）and consignee（承运人，收货人）.选择合适的运输方式对托运人和承运人来说有及其重要的意义。2. If an air or sea carrier operates on a regular route and on a regular schedule, the company is called a shipping line and offers liner service. 如果某个航空或海上承运人按照一条有规律的线路和日程操作，就称这样的公司有自己的运输线，提供班轮服务。Liner vessels are specially adapted to（适合） handle small cargo units. 班轮服务特别适合处理很多小的货物。They often carry high-value cargo. 它经常承运高价值的货物。In order to minimize(最小化)inventory costs(库存成本) , liner are often relatively fast as ocean going vessels go.为了把库存成本降到最低，班轮行速相对要快，和远洋船只一样。They are often designed（设计）to carry a mix of cargo with decks(甲板) for mixed general cargo(杂货，各种消费类型的货物), some tanks（罐） for liquid cargo, and some refrigerated hold space (冷冻货舱)for perishable(易腐烂的) cargo. 人们常把班轮设计为承载混合型货物，不同的甲板上装着混合的一般货物，有罐装的流体货物，有冷冻舱装容易腐烂的货物。Currently(当前,一般地) such ships are being built with some container （集装箱）carrying capacity（承载能力）as well as （也，和一样）traditional liner capacity. 目前，这样的船只中，有的以传统的班轮承载能力修造 ，有的则具备集装箱承载能力。3. Let us differentiate cargo from freight. 让我们来区分一下cargo 和 freight 两个词。In ocean shipping parlance(说法，术语)the term cargo refers to the actual , physical goods (货物实体)and packing to be transported.在远洋运输术语中，cargo这个词专指要被运输的实际的货物实体和包装。 Freight is the money charged (索价) to do the job. Freight这个词则指做这些所要付的费用。The distinction(区别) is not always made for land transportation , and cargo is often called freight when dealing with railroads of truckers.这两个词在陆上运输中并不总是加以区分，当谈到铁路或卡车时，cargo 就常被称为freight。 4. Bulk cargo(散装货)is an undivided quantity of great mass. 散装货是指数量上未分的大宗货物。Examples of cargo commonly shipped in bulk are grain, cement, coal, and lumber(木材). 通常由散装运输的货物是谷物、水泥、煤炭和木材。These examples, which are in solid form ,are called dry bulk cargo(干散装货). 这些固体形态的货物被称为干散装货。They are stowed(把装进里)pouring（倒进） or placing them into large hold areas built into the ship. 他们的装载方式是将其倒进或放置在船内修的大舱里。There are also liquid bulk cargos ,such as crude oil (原油)or liquid chemicals ,which are stowed in tanks.还有流体散装货如原油或液体化学品，它们是罐装的。5. Cargo may be placed in special containers that be transported by ship, train, truck, or a mixture of the three to complete a journey.货物可能被装进专门的集装箱里，再由船、火车、卡车或三者共同运输来完成整个旅程。It is important to select the right type of container for the protection of the specific cargo to be shipped, and there are many types to choose from. 为了保护要运的特别的货物而选择合适的集装箱类型很重要，而且有很多类型可供选择。Almost all containers have a document holder（文件夹）on them so that documents can safely accompany (伴随)the shipment. 几乎所有的集装箱都有一个文件夹，这样所有的文件夹就可以安全地伴随运输。Aside from this there are much dissimilarity（不同）between types of container.除了这一点，集装箱之间有许多不同点。The basic design is an enclosed metal box with doors on the ends. 最基本的设计是在尾部有门的全封闭式的金属箱,This is called an end-loading,fully enclosed container.这被称为尾部装货全封闭式箱。It is suitable for general cargo that is not particularly susceptible to(易受影响的)damage from the outside environment. 这种集装箱适合那些不太容易受外界环境影响而损害的一般货物。If the container is to be loaded while on a rail car , a side-loading, fully enclosed container with doors on the sides is preferred so that access（进入）will not be blocked by the rail car in front or behind.如果是集装箱还在列车车厢上时就装货，那么选用两侧有门的侧式装货全封闭箱更合适，因为这样不会使进货口被前后的车厢挡住。6. Fully enclosed containers have an advantage in that they are often inspected（检查） by customs （海关）of the destination country at the factory of other place where they are loaded and then closed and a seal（印章） placed on the door. 封闭式集装箱的优势在于它们在工厂或其他装货的地方就被目的地国家的海关审查后再封上， 然后再往门上盖一个章。At the border(边境) such a container need not be reinspected, saving time and money.这样的集装箱在边境上是不需要再审查的，既省时间又省钱。This operation is called a through shipment.这种操作被称作通运。7. If good shore container（海岸集装箱）handling equipment （处理设备）is available, container vessels（集装箱船）,also known as cellular vessels（格槽式船）, are often the best way to move anything that can be put into a container. 假如具备良好的海岸集装箱处理设备，那么集装箱船也叫格槽式船，常常是最好的方式。Container vessels may be future equipped to facilitate(促进，帮助) carriage（运输）of a specialized type of container or they may have refrigerated holds for containers full of perishable cargo. 还可以进一步装备集装箱船，以便于运输特殊型集装箱，或者为装满易腐烂变质货物的集装箱配上冷冻舱。 The great advantage of containerized cargo is the speed of the loading and unloading process, particularly when good specialized container handling equipment is available. 集装箱化货物的最大优点是装卸迅速，尤其是有良好的专门集装箱处理设备的话。 8. A lash (or lighter aboard ship)vessel eliminate(排除) the need for a seaport completely. 子母船（或载驳母船）则完全消除了对海港的需要。The ship is loaded with barges (驳船) that can be launched（启动） or recovered（收回） with the gear （装置）aboard（介词：在上 ）the ship.这种船上装有驳船，这些驳船可以由船上的装置发动或收回。The loaded barges(载货的驳船) can be discharged near the mouth of a river, for instance（比如）, and taken by tugboat(拖船) upriver（逆水而上）to a destination miles from the coast. 载货的驳船可以在某处比如说河口被放开，然后由拖船带着逆水而上，送到远离海岸的一个目的地。Each lash barge(子母船) can load up to about 400 tons of cargo.每艘子母船能装大约400吨货物。9. Some vessels are specialized for the purpose of moving huge, bulky（庞大的，笨重的） cargos such as large pieces of machinery.有的船只被专门设计，目的是为运输庞大的、笨重的货物，如大件儿机器。These vessels are usually equipped with a gantry crane(高架吊机)right on the ship. 这些船上通常装有高架吊机。Such a ship is called a heavy lift vessel.这样的船叫起重船。These ships can handle cargo that would otherwise be difficult to move, such as large yachts（帆船）, locomotives(机车；火车头)and railroad(铁路) rolling stock(全部车辆), large boilers(锅炉), or heavy trucks.这些船只可以处理那些以其他方式难运的货物，如大型的帆船、机车和铁路全部车辆、大锅炉或重型卡车。Individual pieces of cargo up to 500 tons can typically be loaded by such vessels.这种船一般装运每件约500吨以上的货物。10. In early times transportation by vessel was often the only option available. 在早些时候，船只运输常常是唯一可供选择的方式。Today it is often one of many, and should be considered only after a careful analysis of the risks and benefits of ocean transport. 而今天，它是许多选择中的一种，应该只在仔细分析过远洋运输的风险和收益后再加以考虑。The primary（最主要的；最基本的）advantage of ocean transports is low freight charges(运费). 远洋运输的最基本的优点是运费低廉。For bulky(体积大的，笨重的) cargos transported to places where seaports are available, there is usually no cheaper freight rate（运费）available.对于被运往有海港的地方的大宗货物来说，没有比远洋运输更便宜的方式了。Another advantage is the capacity of a vessel to carry cargo that is large in its physical dimensions（实际尺寸） or very heavy in tonnage. 另一个优点是这些船只具有运载体积大、吨位高的货物的能力。For instance, even a small vessel might easily handle a piece of machinery too heavy for an airplane to fly and too large for a railroad to move under a bridge of tunnel（隧道）. 比如，一件机器对飞机来说太沉，对铁路来说又太大过不了隧道的桥梁。Often, using specialized vessels, a large piece of heavy machinery can be moved even to a place where a suitable port is not available to unload it, by means of a lash vessel. 通过小船就可以解决问题。一件又大又重的的器械经常能用专门船，即子母船运到连合适的卸货港口都没有的地方。11. Weighed against these advantages are some severe problems with marine transport（海运）.和以上那些优点相比，海运中一些严重的问题也要权衡。First，it is relatively slow . 首先，其速度相对较慢。If the distance is great, perishable foods may spoil and fashionable items may go out of style while waiting for delivery by ship.如果距离很远，那么等着用船送到货的同时，易腐烂的食物可能就烂了，时尚的物品也可能会过时。In many ports, the loading and unloading process for ocean cargo can be slow and is frequently subjected to（遭受）interruption（中断）due to labor disputes（劳力纠纷）and equipment problems.在很多港口，远洋货物的装卸过程可能很慢，而且常常容易遭受 劳力纠纷和设备问题影响而中断了。Pilferage(偷盗) is a problem at many seaports ,as is corruption （腐败）among port officials and union leaders(工会头头).偷盗行为是很多港口的一个问题，就像那些港口官员和工会头头们的腐败一样。12. The very nature of the ocean may be hazardous to the cargo.海洋本身的特性也可能对货物造成危险。Vessels roll(摇晃), pitch（倾斜）, heave（起伏）, surge（颠簸）, sway（摇摆）, and yaw（偏航） at sea. 船只在海里摇晃、倾斜、起伏、颠簸、摇摆、偏航。The vessels movement in a seaway may move the cargo back and forth（前后）as much as 70 feet with each successive （连续的）wave. 随着浪头一个接一个打来，船在一个航线上的移动可能把货物前后移动达70英尺。This action，over the days or weeks of a long voyage(航行) ，can be tremendously(非常的)destructive(破坏的) to cargo as it repeatedly shifts about within its confines（范围；限制）. 经过几天或几个星期的长期航行，这种动作使货物不停地在密闭室里移来移去，对货物破坏非常大。Cargo stowed(存放)on deck, especial near the bow of the ship, can sustain(承受) damage from direct wave impact as water ships aboard during heavy weather(恶劣气候). 在恶劣的天气里，由于水进到船里，那些装在甲板上，尤其是靠近船头的货物会因风浪直接冲击而遭受损害。A ship may be sunk, burned, run aground and stranded（搁浅）, or involved in a collision(n. 碰撞)with another ship or other obstruction(阻碍)，with resulting damage to ,or delay of ,the cargo.船还可能下沉、起火、触滩而搁浅、跟另一只船或其他障碍物碰撞，结果是货物受损或耽搁。13. Water and other liquid are hazardous（危险的） to cargo at sea.在海上，水和其他液体对货物也有破坏性。Sea water, driven by wind and waves, penetrates (渗透)cargo hatches(舱口)and containers with a corrosive effect. 风浪卷起来的海水渗进货舱口和集装箱内，具有腐蚀作用。Fresh water from rain is destructive（破坏性的）of certain cargos.下雨带来的淡水对某些货物也有破坏性。Condensation ruins or rusts(生锈)cargo，particularly on ships sailing from cold to warm climates.凝结的水滴毁坏货物，导致生锈，尤其是在船从冷气候带向暖气候带航行的时候。Cargo stowed (装在)in ships is frequently stacked（堆放）high in the ships hold, not only crushing（压碎）the cargo below, but also subjecting（遭受）cargo below to damage from liquids leaking from above. 装在船上的货物经常被高高地堆放在船舱里，不仅压坏放在下面的货物，而且使下面的货物受到从上面漏出的液体的破坏。The improper loading or stowage (装载)of cargo on the ship often contributes to damage of the cargo.把货物装上或放进船只的不适当的方法常常造成货物受损。 14. Piracy(海盗) still exists in the world today, and civil(国内的) unrest（动乱） or insurrection（叛乱）while the vessel is in port can destroy or delay delivery of the cargo. 在今天的世界上仍有海盗存在，当船仍在港时，国内的动乱或叛乱会毁坏或延迟发货。Insurance is available to cover the types of hazards（危险）listed, and its cost should be factored（作为因素考虑） into the decision whether or not to ship by sea.保险能涵盖所列举的危险，在做出是否海运的决定时，保险费用应该是被考虑的因素。15. Sometimes the duration(持续)of the ocean voyage（远洋航行）may be short ,but shipment may still be better made by air because customs and other formalities（手续） may be completed faster in a nations airports than at its seaports.有时候，远洋航行的持续时间可能不长，但可能还是采取航空运货好些，原因是在一个国家的机场办完海关和其他手续比在各海港办要快得多。16. As you can see, ocean transportation may not be the best choice, even though it may be the cheapest in terms of freight rates. 现在大家明白了，远洋运输虽然在运费方面可能最便宜，但未必是最好的选择。In many cases, air cargo service has become the mode of choice, even though it involves much higher rates. 在很多情况下，航空运货服务虽然花费贵得多，却已经成为人们的选择模式。This is because it may avoid many of the problems associated with (与.有关)ocean transport.因为这样做可能避免很多与海运相关的问题。17. Air cargo carriers offer exceptional(超常的)speed and relatively smooth handling（着陆） and safety of cargo. 航空运货飞机提供超常的速度、相对平稳的降落和较高的货物安全系数。Most shipments can be delivered overnight. 大多数运货能在一夜间送到。Because airports are less busy and the air is smoother, most purely cargo flights take place at night, with delivery in the morning . 由于飞机不忙，气流较平稳，大部分纯粹的运货航班都夜间进行，天明送到。 Most passenger flights （客运航班）are in the daytime, so an effort has been made to utilize （利用，使用）the same aircraft for both operations. 大多数客运航班都在白天，所以人们一直努力利用同一飞机进行昼夜操作。Aircraft are fitted so that the rows of seats can be speedily removed and a cargo deck installed（安装）quickly when the last passenger flight of the evening is finished. 飞机是这样装置的，当晚间乘客末班结束时，一排排座位被迅速移走，立即装上一个运货板。After a night of flying cargo ,the passenger configuration (配置，构型) is restored(恢复)in the morning . 一晚上运货后，在第二天清晨，客机布局又被恢复。 These are called quick-change aircraft(速换货客两用机)，otherwise known as QC. 这样的飞机叫做速换班机（或称为QC）Another configuration(构造) is to have an aircraft divided fore and aft, with one part of the fuselage（机身）devoted to(致力于)passengers and another part devoted to cargo.另一种构造是把飞机分为前后两部分，一半是机身坐乘客，另一半放货物。This is called a combi(联运).这就是联运机。A combi can be designed so that the proportion of passenger capacity to cargo can be designed to allow it to carry a full load of passengers during peak tourist season.设计联运机时载客和载货能力的比例可以变换,这样就使飞机在旅游旺季时能载满乘客。As the tourist season winds down ,the seats may be removed a few rows at a time until the aircraft is carrying mostly cargo in the off-season(淡季).随着旅游季节渐淡，乘客座位可以一次移走几行，直到在淡季时大部分装运货物。18. Almost no place on the global today is out of reach of at least charter(包租) air cargo service. 至少对包租航空货运服务来说，今天的地球上几乎没有什么遥不可及。Delivery anywhere is typically made within two days. 无论往哪送货，时间一般都是两天以内。Freight charges(运费)are typically calculated by weight（重量）,with a discount for shipments greater than 45 kilograms and a large discount if the shipment exceeds 100 kilograms.运费普遍按重量计算，对于超过45公斤的货物实行打折，超过100公斤的运货则享受更大优惠。19. Because fast delivery is the most important aspect of air cargo service, the carriers try to make the ground handling of the cargo as fast as possible. 因为迅捷递货是航空货运服务最重要的方面，所以承运者努力使货物的地面处理尽可能迅速。In order to speed things on the ground , air cargo carriers prefer to handle cargo that has been palletized(托盘化的), unitized（单元化的