内科习题答案.docx

Stomatitis. Explanation.1.stomatitis：stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosa and includes glossitis, palatitis, and gingivitis, clinically it is characterized by partial or complete loss of appetite, by smacking of the lips and profuse salivation .it is commonly an accompaniment of systemic disease.2.Bacterial stomatitis: is usually necrotic and is manifested by ulceration and suppuration, the only common one is oral necrobacillosis caused by sphaerophorus ncrophorus. Fill vacancy.mucosa, abrasion, viraemia. Choose The Best Answer.1. B, 2. B. Judgment1. T, 2. F. Answer the following questions with simple words.1. Physical agents include trauma while dosing ,foreign bodies, maloccluded teeth, sharp awns and spines on plants, and the eating of frozen food or drinking of hot water.Chemical agents include irritant substances ,particularly chloral hydrate, administered in strong concentrations, acids, alkalis, and irritant drugs including mercury and cantharides preparations applied as counterirritants and improperly coverd so that animals can lick them. A moderate stomatitis may also occur in chronic mercury poisoning.2. Affected animals should be isolated and watered from separate utensils if an infectious agent is suspected.Non-specific treatment includes frequent application of a mild antiseptic collutory such as a 2% solution of copper of a sulphonamide in glycerin.Indolent ulcers require more vigorous treatment and respond well to curettage or cauterization with a silver nitrate stick or tincture of iodine.In all case, soft, appetizing food should be offered and feeding by stomach tube or intravenous alimentation resorted to in severe, prolonged cases, if the disease is infectious, care should be exercised to sure that it is not transmitted by the hands or dosing implements.Esophageal obstruction. Explanation.Oesphageal obstruction：Oesphageal obstruction may be acute or chronic and the clinical signs of inability to swallow, regurgitation of food and water, and bloat in ruminants are accompanied in acute cases by severe distress. Fill vacancy.1. cervical 2. thoracic.Choose the Best Answer.1.A 2.C. Judgment1.T 2.T . Answer the following questions with simple words.What is the treatment of oesphageal obstruction?1. (1) To sedate the animal before proceeding with treatment. Administration of an ataractic drug or chloral hydrate may also help in relaxing the oesophageal spasm. (2)The passage, of the stomach tube or probang is usually necessary to locate obstructions low down in the oesophagus.(3)Allow the oesophageal spasm to relax and the obstruction to pass spontaneously.(4)Solid obstructions in the upper oesophagus of cattle may be reached by passing the hand into the pharynx through a speculum and having an assistant press the foreign body up towards the mouth.(5)The animal must not be allowed access to water or food until the obstruction is removed. In chronic cases, especially those due to paralysis, repeated siphonage may be necessary to remove fluid accumulations. Treatment of chronic obstructions is usually unsuccessful.2. How to make a differentiate diagnosis of esophageal obstruction?（1）The clinical picture of Oesphageal obstruction is typical but can be mistaken for that of oesophagitis in which local pain is more apparent and there is often an accompanying stomatitis and pharyngitis.（2）A history of previous oesophagitis or acute obstruction suggests cicatricial stenosis.（3）Mediastinal lymph node enlargement is usually accompanied by other signs of tuberculosis or lymphomatosis. Chronic ruminal tympany in cattle may be caused by ruminal atony in which case there is an absence of normal ruminal movements. (4) Diaphragmatic hernia may also be a cause of chronic ruminal tympany in cattle and is sometimes accompanied by obstruction of the oesophagus with incompletely regurgitated ingesta. This condition and vagus indigestion, another cause of chronic tympany, is usually accompanied by a systolic cardiac murmur but passage of a stomach tube is unimpeded. Gastritis. Explanation.Gastritis：Inflammation of the stomach causes disorders of motility and is manifested clinically by vomiting. It is commonly associated with enteritis in the syndrome of gastroenteritis. . Fill vacancy.1.physical, chemical, bacterial, viral, metazoan. 2.less, erosive. Choose The Best Answer.1.A，2.A. Judgment1.T，2.F. Answer the following questions with simple words.1. Acute gastritis. When the inflammation is severe, pigs and sometimes horses and ruminants vomit. The vomitus contains much mucus, sometimes blood, and is small in amount, and vomiting is repeated with forceful retching movements. The appetite is always reduced, often absent, but thirst is usually excessive and pigs affected with gastroenteritis may stand continually lapping water or even licking cool objects. The breath usually has a rank smell and there may be abdominal pain. Diarrhoea is not marked unless there is an accompanying enteritis but the faeces are usually pasty and soft. Additional signs are usually evident when gastritis is part of a primary disease syndrome. Dehydration and alkalosis with tetany and rapid breathing may develop if vomiting is excessive.Chronic gastritis. Here the syndrome is much less severe. The appetite is depressed or depraved and vomiting occurs only sporadically, usually after feeding. The vomitus contains much viscid mucus. Abdominal pain is minor and dehydration is unlikely to occur but the animal becomes emaciated due to lack of food intake and incomplete digestion.2. Treatment of the primary diseases is the first principle and requires a specific diagnosis. Ancillary treatment includes the withholding of food, the use of gastric sedatives, the administration of electrolyte solutions to replace fluids and electrolytes lost by vomiting, and stimulation of normal stomach motility in the convalescent period.In horses and pigs, gastric lavage may be attempted to remove irritant chemicals. Gastric sedatives usually contain insoluble magnesium hydroxide or carbonate, kaolin, pectin, or charcoal. Frequent dosing at intervals of 2-3 hours is advisable. If purgatives are used to empty the alimentary tract, they should be bland preparations such as mineral oil to avoid further irritation to the mucosa.If vomiting is severe, large quantities of electrolyte solution should be administered parenterally. Details of the available solutions are given under the heading of disturbances of body water. If the liquids can be given orally without vomiting occurring, this route of administration is satisfactory.During convalescence, the animal should be offered only soft, palatable, highly nutritious foods. Bran mashes for cattle and horses and gruels for calves and pigs are most adequate and are relished by the animal.EnteritisKeys：. Explanation.1.Enteritis :The description of the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa resulting in diarrhea and sometimes dysentery, abdominal pain occasionally, and varying degrees of dehydration and acid-base imbalance, depending on the cause of the lesion, its severity and location.2.Diarrhea: Excessive and frequent evacuation of watery feces usually indicatory gastrointestinal distress or disorder. Fill vacancy.1. host; environment.2. diarrhea; abdominal pain; septicaemia. Choose The Best Answer.1. D; 2. B; 3. B. Judgment1. T; 2. F; 3. F. Answer the following questions with simple words. 1How many disease do you remember in which dysentery with or without toxaemia occurs and death may occur rapidly? And write down the name of these disease you remembered.Include lamb dysentery, haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia of calves, acute swine dysentery and haemorrhagic bowel syndrome of pigs and so on.2What are the major clinical pathology in most cases of acute enteritis?In most cases of acute enteritis there is haemoconcentration, metabolic acidosis, an increase in total serum solids concentration, a decrease in plasma bicarbonate, hyponatraenia, hypochloraemia and hypokalaernia.3What are the initial goals of fluid and electrolyte therapy of the effects of enteritis?The initial goals of fluid and electrolyte therapy of the effects of enteritis are: the restoration of the body fluids to normal volume, effective osmolality, composition and acid-base balance.Analyze the disease case. 1. The principles of treatment of enteritis are: removal of the causative agent, replacement of lost fluids and electrolytes, alteration of the diet if necessary and the possible use of drugs to inhibit secretion and control intestinal hypermotility if deemed necessary.2. Several anticholinergics have been used to counteract the intestinal hypermotility associated with some enteritides. They are used most commonly in the horse with acute diarrhoea and appear to provide relief from the abdominal pain associated with spasms of the intestines. The commonly used ones include: atropine, morphine and dypyrone. Benzet-imide has been used for its anticholinergic and anti-secretory effect in calves, piglets and lambs affected with diarrhoea.Rumen Overload. Explanation.Engorgement of ruminants: is caused by overload highly fermentable carbohydrate-rich feeds and generate excessive production of lactic acid in the rumen. Clinically the disease is characterized by sever toxacmia, dehydration, ruminal stasis, weakness and recumbency, and a high mortality rate. Fill vacancy.1. carbohydrate-rich. 2. feedlotChoose the Best Answer.1. D 2.D. Judgment1. T 2.T. Answer the following questions with simple words.What are the principles of treatment of carbohydrate engorgement in ruminants?They are:1. Correct the ruminal and systemic acidosis and prevent further production of lactic acid.2. Restore fluid and electrolyte losses and maintain circulating blood volumes.3. Restore forestomach and intestinal motility to normal.Ruminal Tympany. Explanation.1. Primary Ruminal Tympany is dietary in origin and occurs in cattle on legume pasture and in feedlot cattle on high level grain diet.2. Second ruminal tympany is usually due to failure of eructation of free gas because of a physical interference with enactation. Fill vacancy.1. overdistrension, rumen, foam 2. stomach, swallowingChoose the Best Answer.1 B 2 A. Judgment1. F 2.T. Answer the following questions with simple words.1. What is the treatment principle of ruminal Bloat ? How to cure ?The approach to treatment depends very much on the circumstances in which bloat occurs, whether the bloat is frothy or due to free gas, and whether or not the bloat is life-threatening. When the Ruminal Bloat happens, first of all, the trocar and cannula has been used for the emergency release of rumen contents and gas in bloat. Meanwhile, careful drenching with sodium bicarbonate (150-200g in 1 litre of water) or any non-toxic oil as described below is also satisfactory. In every case in which the bloat has not been relieved but an anti-foaming agent has been administered, the animal must be observed carefully for the next hour to determine if the treatment has been successful or if the bloat is becoming worse and something else must be done. Of course, in an outbreak of feedlot bloat, the acute and peracute cases should be treated individually as necessary. Otherwise, details of the oil and synthetic surfactants used as anti-foaming agents in treatment are given in the section on control because the same compounds are used in prevention. Any non-toxic oil, especially a mineral one which persists in the rumen, not being biodegradable, is effective and there are no other significant differences between them. The dose rate needed is not great (250ml for cattle and 50ml for sheep) but one usually errs on the side of generosity with these safe compounds in this dangerous situation, and 500ml would be a more conventional dose. An emulsified oil or one containing a detergent such as dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate is preferred because it mixes better with ruminal contents. Left-side displacement on the abomasumKEYS. Explanation.LDA: The abomasum is displaced from its normal position on the abdominal floor (extending from the midline and to the right) to the left side of the abdomen between the rumen and the left abdominal wall. Fill vacancy.1. rumen, abdominal. 2. Abomasal . Choose the Best Answer.1.A 2.D. Answer the following questions with simple words.1. What is the etiology of the LDA?High-producing dairy cattle are usually required large quantities of grain and there is general agreement that heavy grain feeding including corn and corn silage is an important aetiological factor. Heavy grain feeding is thought to increase the flow of ruminal ingesta to the abomasum which causes an increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids which can inhibit the motility of the abomasum. This inhibits the flow of digesta from the abomasum to the duodenum so that ingesta accumulates in the abomasum. The large volume of gas (methane) produced in the abomasum following grain feeding may become trapped there, causing its distension and displacement.2. What are the clinical findings in the disease of LDA?Surgical replacement is now commonly practised and many techniques have been devised with emphasis on avoidance or recurrence of the displacement.Rolling and manipulation have produced moderately good results for some workers but relapses occur. The cow is cast and laid on her back, then rolled vigorously to the right and the roll stopped abruptly in the hope that the abomasum will free itself. Chances of success are greatest in. the advanced stages when the rumen is small.Starvation and restriction of fluid for 2 days before may be advisable. Violent exercise and transport over bumpy loads has on occasion caused spontaneous recovery. The use of parenteral glucose and oral propylene glycol is necessary fur the treatment of the ketosis and to avoid fatty liver as a complication. All cases of LDA should be corrected as soon as possible.Pulmonary Emphysema. Explanation.Pulmonary emphysema is distension of the lung caused by overdistension of alveoli with rupture of alveolar walls with or without escape of air into the interstitial; spaces. Fill vacancy.1. dyspnoea, hyperpnoea, expiration; 2. heaves. Choose the Best Answer.1.B 2.C. Judgment1.T 2.F. Answer the following questions with simple words.What are the treatment of early case of emphysema?The best treatment for early cases of emphysema in the horse is the provision of fresh air. Many drugs including corticosteroids, antihistamines, expectorants, inhalants, bronchodilators and antibiotics have been used for the treatment of emphysema in the horse. The rationale for using any of these is not supported by any known facts. In valuable animals, the administration of oxygen may be warranted if the hypoxia is severe and life-threatening. Antihistamines, atropine and corticosteroids have been used for the treatment of pulmonary emphysema in cattle but their efficacy has been difficult to evaluate.PneumoniaKeys:. Explanation.pneumonia is inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often by pleurisy. Fill vacancy.viruses, bacteria, fungi, metazoan Choose the Best Answer.A. Judgment1.F.2.T. Answer the following questions with simple words.Rapid, shallow respiration is the cardinal sign of early pneumonia, dyspnoea occurring in the later stages when much of the lung tissue is non-functional. Ploypnoea may be quite marked with only minor pneumonic lesions and the rapidity of the respiration is an inaccurate guide to the degree of pulmonary involvement. Cough is another important sign, the type of cough varying with the nature of the lesion. Bronchopneumonia is usually accompanied by a moist, painful cough, interstitial pneumonia by frequent, dry, hacking coughs, often in paroxysms.Consolidation can be detected also by percussion of the thorax or by tracheal percussion.There may be an observable difference in the amount of movement in the two sides of the chest if the degree of consolidation is much greater in one lung. Hydrothorax , Haemothorax, Epistaxis, Haemoptysis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis, BronchitisKeys:. Explanation.1. Epistaxis as used here means bleeding from the nostrils regardless of the origin of the heamorrhage.2. haemoptysis means the coughing-up of blood with the haemorrhage usually originating in the lungs. Fill vacancy.1. cough, inspiration, embarrassment. Judgment.1. F. Answer the following questions with simple words.1. How to diagnose the laryngitis, tracheitis or bronchitis?Infections of the larynx usually result in coughing, and inspiratory duspnoea with a stertor and loud abnormal laryngeal sounds on auscultation over the trachea and over the base of the lungs on inspiration. Lesions of the larynx are usually visible by laryngoscopic examination, those of the trachea and major bronchi and are not so obvious unless special endoscopic procedures are used.2. How to treat the laryngitis, tracheitis or bronchitis?Most of the common viral infections of the larynx, trachea and major bronchi will resolve spontaneously if the affected animals are rested, not worked and not exposed to inclement weather and dusty feeds. Secondary bacterial complications must be recognized and treated with the appropriate antibacterial agent.Acute Heart FailureKeys:. Fill vacancy.1.Nervous，bradycardia，tachycardia，pallor2.cardiac tamponade, dystrophyJudgmentT. Answer the following questions with simple words.Can you recount the