写作unit 3答案.doc

Unit 3PART II FOCUS ConcisenessSuggested answers to the exercisea. Redundancy may result when modifiers are used that do not add to the meaning of the sentence. Poor we really need to listen to want he would say.Better we need to listen to what he would say.More examples:Poor I was simply too tired to clean the house after working for a whole day.Better I was too tired to clean the house after working for a whole day.b. Redundancy may occur from redundant phasing（i.e. spelling out the meaning of a word or phrase that can and should stand alone）. Poor The criticisms I will make are major ones which ought to be given careful consideration because of their important. Better The criticisms I will make are major ones.More examples:Poor Over the years, she because suspicious that she was being exploited by people who wanted to take advantage of her and use her.Better Over the years, she became suspicious that she was being exploited.c. Redundancy may result if the writer fails to use pronouns in reference to previous noun phrases.Poor The volunteers in the fire department a lot of credit. The volunteer firemen answer alarms any time in all kinds of weather.Better The volunteer firemen deserve a lot of credit because they answer alarms any time in all kinds of weather.More examples:Poor In large cities school teachers are usually paid higher wages than the teachers of a school in a small town.Better In large cities school teachers are usually paid higher wages than those in a smaller town.d. Redundancy may occur when words or phrases are awkwardly inserted rather than implied.Poor One of the most difficult decisions I have ever made in my life was whether I should go to university after finishing high school or not to go college after high school.Better One of the most difficult decisions I have ever made was whether or not to go to college after high school.More examples:Poor Fudan University is a very good university because of many distinguished professors teaching there.Better Fudan University is a good university because of its distinguished faculty.e. Redundancy may result when related ideas are stated in more than one sentence. To solve this problem, it is often advisable to combine sentences into one.Poor People who both work full time and go to school have a lot of problems. These people dont have much time for recreation. Often they live under more pressure.Better People who work full time and go to school usually live under more pressure because they dont have much time for recreation.More examples:Poor In a small town there are very few businesses. And the businesses that are there are usually operated on a small scale. Better In a small town there are very few businesses, which are usually operated on a small scale. Poor I got up at six. Then I had breakfast. Around seven I left for school. Better Getting up at six, I had breakfast and left for school around seven.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. All these phrases are redundant in the written context.2. a. Xianming High School has a faculty that do their jobs well.b. One of the requirements is a term paper of three thousand words on subject of your choice.c. College is difficult to adjust to because you are left on your own to solve many problems.d. A career in the Army has both advantages and disadvantages. So does the return to the civilian life from the military.e. Teenage pregnancy has created a lot of controversy.PrecisenessReference for the Classroom Activities1. Words like awful, bad, fine, funny, great, lovely, nice, pretty, thing, and wonderful, are classified as weak because they are too general and hardly add anything to the meaning.a. Kate said she had a boring time at the homecoming party.b. I think Mr Brown is an unconvincing speaker.c. The husband gave the wife a diamond necklace for her birthday.d. These are certain traits I look for in judging persons character.2. Student should be encouraged to replace general words with specific ones in order to convey a clearer massage.3. Ask student to go over their work in pairs, and to improve each others writing.EffectivenessReference for Classroom Activities1. a. Jos mouthDecidedHer noseComicalHer eyesShape, gray, fierce, funny, thoughtfulHer hairLong, thickHer shouldersRoundHer hands and feetBig Notice that none of these adjectives are long or complicated, yet they are most effective and vivid. This shows that the power of writing does not lie in flowery words but in the use of the most appropriate words.b. Awkward colt is repetitious as the word colt carries the sense of awkwardness already. Therefore, it is unnecessary to use a modifier here.PART III GRAM MARModifiers-ing and ed forms of verbsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. That woman who is laughing is my mother.b. Finally, they found the treasure that had been hidden.c. This is the place that is most frequently reported in the press.d. The boy who was enchanted started at the screen, mouth wide open.Now ask student to summarize the use of the ing and ed forms as modifiers.Summary1. The ing form of a verb is used when the action described by the verb continues to happen or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is active.2. The ed form of a verb is used when the action is completed at the time another action occurs or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is passive.NounsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. development of career educatorsb. readjustment of the flight timetablec. money problems of high-school art educationd. country for family vacatione. the study of the growth of childhood personalityNow ask student to summarize the rules of using nouns as modifiers.SummaryNouns can be put ahead of another noun as its modifiers in English; but too many nouns clustered can cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Very often the maximum of the number of nouns as modifiers is two, though sometimes this number may be exceeded. So the guiding principle for nouns modifiers is that they shouldnt pose too much difficulty to the readers comprehension.AdverbsReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. drive breezily (modifying the verb)b. strangely beautiful (modifying the adjective)c. too slowly (modifying the adverb)d. Firstly, lets listen to Dr. Smiths report on the latest research. (modifying the whole sentence)Now ask student to summarize the rules of using adverb as modifiers.Summary An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence. It usually appears after the verb it modifiers but before the adjective or the adverb. If it modifies the whole sentence, it can appear either at the beginning or at the end. Problems with modifiers Reference for the Classroom Activities1. The problem with these phrase is the redundancy of modifiers. The modifiers are useless for they do noting but repeat what the following nouns say. Useless modifiers can make your writing repetitious wordy.2. a. The notice said nothing else.b. People other than visitor were not invited to see the exhibits.c. The visitors were invited to do nothing but see the exhibits on the third floor.d. There might be exhibits on the floors but the visitor were invited to see those on the third floor.Now ask student to summarize the problems with modifiers.Summary1. One problem is about useless modifiers. A useless modifies adds nothing to the meaning of the modified but redundancy.2. Another problem is connected with misplaced modifiers. Clear writing demands that modifies be put as close as possible to the word or phrase being modified.PPAT IV WRITINGNotice ( I )Suggested answers to the question The notices are concise, including only the essential information. They are all written in the form of notes.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. a. When I was assigned a certain task, I did it to my best ability.b. Fog can cause blindness.c. Recently I joined a social club which raises money for the care of needy children, and we meet every Wednesday afternoon.d. An essay should be understandable to the reader.e. Many items are expensive at discount stores.f. Bears that have just come out of hibernation are usually and dangerous.g. The author should have shortened the story by half.h. The citys environmental surroundings are not the most comfortable.i. I learned certain facts that I believe are vital to every freshman.2. a. simmer: cook food gently at or just below boiling point saut: fry quickly in a little hot fat bake: cook by using direct heat in an ovenb. Other verbs about cooking include roast, steam, fry, deeper-fry, boil, poach, scramble, grill, stew, curry, baste, barbecue.3. a. For dinner we had barbecued steaks and sweet corn.b. Last week my brother John joined an insurance company.c. He is not a friendly and easy-going colleague.d. Our view of the sea at sunset was splendid /breathing.e. It was a fine day to play outdoors.f. What impressed me most about the city was the hustle and bustle in the streets.4. There are seize, hurl, choke, blind, leap, flee, etc.5. a. I admire Jennys long black glossy hair so much.b. The fearless explorer finally landed at the South Pole.c. Fast driving on a smooth road can be great fun.d. John and I often wro