分论点的五角法则+五种论据方法.docx

l 回顾议论文的框架结构：议论文的整体框架：首段：1、话题背景句2、改写话题（一些人的观点）3、个人观点主体段落一：1、主旨句2、分论点13、论据4、分论点25、论据主体段落二：1、主旨句2、分论点13、论据4、分论点25、论据6、分论点三（反驳结构）7、论据（反驳论据）三、结尾段1、总结全文2、个人观点3、提出建议和展望社会类：1、 年轻人（政府职务；unpaid work；16岁以下上班；替代老人；老人比例多；男人；女人；女人休产假；推迟生孩子）l 分论点五角法则：HEART1、Health（physical、mental健康）:2、Efficiency（时间）空间、金钱）: Economy（经济发展、钱）; Employment（就业机会的有无）; Environment（自然环境；氛围）; Education（专业知识的学习；思维能力的提高）; Emotion（）3、Ability：(社交能力；独立性；问题解决)4、Right（权利：义务be obliged to do sth(obligation)、责任）：5、Culture：例题分析：1、 Some people think younger people are not suitable for important positions in the government. Some think it will be a good idea for younger people to take these positions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.延伸到：老年人、年轻人、男人、女人2、 政府：学费、艺术家、科学研究、养老、健康生活方式、建博物馆、体育馆、动物园；拯救小语种；控制影视暴力；古建筑;补贴全职妈妈（1） 应该拯救：权利、义务、价值levy tax on sb; have the duty/ obligation to do sth; sb be entitled/privileged to do sth. ; (2) 不应该：钱；能力；大趋势have a limited budget;have a variety of tasks to fulfill/completean unstoppable trend some people believe that the government should spend money on measures to save minority languages, while others think it is a waste of money. Discuss two views and give your opinion. （2）负：violate ones right; deprive sb of their right; deny sb their right.; shirk offneglect ones responsibility to do sth.（1）正：experience the local/indigenous custom/art/history/lifestyle in person（2）负：second hand information; cultural shockreversed cultural shock（1）正：mass production; conduct calculation within limited time; free from limitations of time and space; the up-to-second information（2）负：spend much time doing sth/be time-consuming/time-wastingEconomy（经济发展资金）: （1）正：cost-effective; （2）负：consume great sums/amounts of money; demands/requires great financial investment; squander/lavishEnvironment: Employment: （1）正：replace sb to perform/fulfill risky/dangerous work/taskshelp sb to do tiresome housework, freeing sb so that they could（2）负：occupy the position of their human colleagues, increase unemployment rateEducation: knowledge，intelligencecritical/logic/independent/ thinkingEducation：德moral cultivating、智力developing intelligence; appreciate beauty; capability of doing sth; independent/logic/divergent/critical thinkingEmotion：pessimistic; optimisticEthicsmoral: take advantage of artificial intelligence to commit crimes: embezzlement; fake（1）（2）负： increase ones reliance/dependence upon sth,deprive sb of their ability to .the only agency which has the right tomake laws/levy taxes on its citizensrevenue: budget.subsidy/financial support/investment(1) 应该拯救补贴：finance sth.: it has the duty/responsibility/obligation to do; 事物的各种价值让步：耗钱是事实；但是，对比其他重大任务，它的花费不会占用很大的财政资源(2) 不应该补贴：预算有限；很多任务去完成；这些任务耗费财政资源更多；apply limited budget to the fields which can bring/harvest immediate benefits; 对不公平或者寻求其他的资金来源让步：价值、意义、必要、优点表述正向信息的词汇：动词：benefit, contribute to, conduce to, profit, promote, enhance, intensify, boom, boost, prosper, protect, preserve, save, rescue, accelerate, speed up, perfect, improve, advance, develop, progress, upgrade, alleviate, release, relax, ease, relieve名词：benefit, merit, advantage, strength, strong point, positive, upside, bright side, contribution, improvement, prosperity, progress, advance, improvement, development, sophistication形容词：beneficial, conducive to, significant, meaningful, essential, crucial, vital, far-reaching, profound, irreplaceable, indispensable, pivotal, positive, bright, necessary, paramount, fundamental表述负向信息的词汇：动词：damage, impair, harm, jeopardise, destruct, undermine, degrade, distract, disrupt, interrupt, slow down, limit, restrict, block, impede, endanger, threaten, worsen, aggravate, deteriorate名词：drawback, disadvantage, demerit, weakness, weak point, downside, negative, dark side, problem, danger, threat, damage, impair, harm, destruction, degradation, distraction, disruption, erosion, interruption, limitation, restriction, 形容词：negative, harmful, detrimental, pernicious, destroying, erosive, negative, disadvantageous, damaging句型一：句型二：句型三：句型四：句型五：句型六：l 论据法：1、分类法列举法（2-3点分论点）分类法论证，是指在一段主体段落中，一个主旨句/论点句后面要分几个不同的角度加以阐述时，所划分出来的几个点。1）信号词首先：其次：second,secondly,in the second place,for another a second,a further another point,reason/effect/advantage is. it should also/further be noted that.另外：and,next,also,too,in addition,additionally,moreover,besides,furthermore, not only.but also., along with, whats more Another concern is teenagers may be led astray when they do a part-time job.第三：third,thirdly最后：at last,finally2）实例To begin with, through part-time jobs, teenagers can gain some incomes and this often helps to relieve their parents financial burdens. Besides, taking up a part-time job, more often than not, benefits teenagers to develop certain important qualities or abilities.Moreover, birthday celebrations and wedding ceremonies often leave behind a great bunch of waste to clean up. It is not only a waste of money, but also a waste of efforts and energy (cleaning up).2、因果论证法因果论证法是一种较难把握，但是考官又比较欣赏的一种写作手法。比如，考生主体段落首句主旨句写的是excessive smoking is likely to result in a series of medical problems. 如果使用因果论证法，就需要考生写清楚“过量抽烟引起疾病”之间的关系。比如： 开始解释原因This is because cigarette smoke, which contains more than 40 cancer-causing substances, like nicotine, oil tar etc. 进一步解释These toxic substances, when running through respiratory pipe, will result in discomfort of pipes. In more serious cases, they are responsible for lung cancer or throat cancer. 1）信号词句内因果Cause介词短语：because of, as a result of,due to/ thanks to/owing to+名 词性短语 从属连词： in view of the fact that+同位语从句.; because=in that., given that., for the reason that., since=now that.，for.，as.原因状语从句Result从属连词：thus, hence, so, sothat, such that; as a result of which, .; thus/hereby doing sthdenies the youth the opportunities to maintain some regular amounts of physical activities, thus gaining weight. 副词短语：as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, in this way, therefore，consequently, thus, hence, thereby句间因果This is because.This is due to., This is closely related/linked to.This is caused by/should be attributed to.This should be indebted to .This stems from.A cause/lead to/result in/give rise to/contribute to/is responsible for/engender /breed/ prompt/evoke B2）实例Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals, then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. Of course, factor such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too.The first cause of more private car users might be the improved living standard for people. In fact, the rapid economic development has largely enhanced peoples material conditions , and they have a higher demand for better living quality. As a result, there are an increasing number of people buying private cars, which were once considered to be luxury goods that only the rich could afford.First of all, it may add an intolerable taxation burden on the young generation. That is because the old has retired and they need to be supported by the government retirement pension policy whose money mainly comes from the tax levitated on the young people.As well as manipulating consumers choice and spending habits, advertising is likely to raise the price of products in that manufacturers add advertising fees to the products to ensure their profit.3、举例论证法（1）举例说明法 举例说明法是紧跟在主旨句/概括句/中心思想句后面的细节信息。作为议论文中最常用的论据法，举例对象可以是个人（名人）、他人、集体等的例子。但是，在写作中需要注意，使用举例说明法点到即止，不可扩展。1）信号词句内举例., for example, ., .in particular,particularly, . such as., . includingnamely, .to name/mention but a few, . and the liketo illustrate, to demonstrate句间举例Take . as a proof/as an illustration/as an example。 .A good case in point is that ；A typical example can be found in sp，where ；Take a typical example；, which may include 等。This can be exemplified by the fact that.For example/instance=to give a demonstration/to give an illustration As indicated in a report surveyed by BBC, among those who died of lung cancer, there are more than 60% of them have a 3-decade history of heavy smoking. As studied by Salikoko Mufwene, a linguist in London College, 2）实例This increasing dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, traffic congestion, safety and so on.Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction. Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is an important part of a childs development that cannot be provided by a computer. (General Training, Test B, Cambridge Book 6)Besides, taking up a part-time job, more often than not, benefits teenagers to develop certain important qualities or abilities. For example, teenagers taking up part-time jobs often have to communicate with different people and deal with problems alone, which means a teenagers interpersonal skills and independence will surely be developed after he/she has had the experience.Animals which behave frugally with energy become particularly cold, for example, crocodiles and tortoise. (Passage 3, Test 3, Cambridge Book 8)4、解释说明法论证解释说明法，和举例说明法一样，也是较为常见的论据方式，但在写作中，一般表现为两种方式。 一是抽象主题句/论点+具体意义解释，例如：I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness（抽象主题句）. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)（具体意义解释）。 二是主题句+对主题句的意义引申，例如：Those students who are from undeveloped or poor regions cannot afford to go to university（主题句）. That is to say, their parents have no money to send them to colleges（本句是一个无意义的解释说明句，只不过是把主题句换一种方式又说了一遍，在写作中这种写法是不可取的，可以改成后面那句话）. They may miss the opportunity to receive higher education, which, in turn, will influence their future（本句相对于前句比较好，在于它是对主题句的意义的引申）。考生在写作练习中需要慎重使用解释说明法，以免会造成因为使用不当而失分。1）信号词 句内解说., which means that, meaning that/implying thatprotecting lesser-known languages is just like preserving fruits in a jar, implying that not only the languages themselves should survive and thrive, but the cultures that they carry should also be inherited/passed on from generation to generation . 句间解说In other words,To put it another way,That is, ,i.e., It means .That is to say, .By that I mean .What is meant by this is that .To be more precise, . ,To be specific, .More precisely, .,Specifically, .2）实例Another concern is that despite the physical inferiority, the salaries for aged employees are often quite high as a result of their long years of service. This often means that the more aged people are in the workforce, the higher a cost companies have to undertake.Overconsumption caused by rising population is an irreversible trend, which means nothing can put a halt to it.First of all, charging no fee for public transport would largely increase the economic pressure on governments. To put it another way, it would be a huge cost for governments to constantly maintain and upgrade public transport to guarantee that it functions well.However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. In other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices.(Test 2, Cambridge Book 7)5、对比论证法对比论证法，常用于话题进行两组对立的概念或者是一个概念的两个方面的对比。根据表述的需要，既可以进行相同点的比较，也可以进行不同点的比较。1）信号词 相同点的对比similarly, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way 不同点的对比连词：but，while，whereas，whilst副词：instead,rather,conversely,however,contrastingly,nonetheless, nevertheless,rather than介词短语：on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,on the other hand,from a different angle,in direct opposition其他：A differ from B; A is different from B; there are great difference between A and B不同点的对比：A。然而However/on the other hand/on the contrary，BA。In comparison,/By comparison, /Compared with A, BB differ from/is different from A in that the former. while the latter 计算机是与人脑不一样的，在于前者可以持续高效率地工作而后者需要不间断地休息。Computers are different from human brains in that/because the former could keep working efficiently while the latter needs to have a break at regular intervals. 2）实例On the contrary, some others insist that spending a great deal of money on those occasions is worthwhile, as it is important for young people and society. They feel that only with money spent and by letting everyone know, can the ceremony be truly celebrated.However, our awareness of reusing and recycling waste does not keep pace with progress in society and economy. Tempted by contentment and convenience brought by overconsumption and disposable products, peoples awareness of thrift is gradually dying away. On the other hand, manufacturers keep manufacturing products at more staggering speed, thus producing more industrial waste to deteriorate our environment.It has to be pointed out that, however, for most jobs in modern society, it is often ones experience and expertise, instead of ones physical superiority, that play the most significant role.6、让步法让步法论证通常在写作中，用以弥补个人论证点中可能产生的漏洞而使用的方法；目的是为了让自己的论证点更加具有说服力。1）信号词 句内让步从属连词：Although/Though/Even if/Even though/while+ .，完整主句. /., but+完整的句子.副词：Admittedly/However/Nevertheless/Nonetheless，+完整句子.（此处含有的词汇与对比论证法有重合，具体是哪种论证方法要依据上下文而论）介词短语：In spite of this,主句, Despite this，主句,In spite of the fact that+从句，主句.句间让步It is true that+.,It is often the case that.,It must be admitted that.,We must admit that.,Admittedly,.,Inevitably,., Unavoidably, .2）实例While some people think this may be damaging to a childs development, or to a childs relationship with their