Definition泛读四考试复习.doc

Unit 1Placement test-分级考试，安置考试；定职测验A placement test is designed to sort new students into teaching groups, so that they can start a course at approximately the same level as the other students in the class. Diagnostic test-一种旨在表明学生知道和不知道什么样的语言技巧或知识的测试。A diagnostic test (sometimes called a formative or progress test) checks on students progress in learning particular elements of the course. Achievement test-一种与所学课程直接相关的测试，目的是检测学习者是否取得了进步，以及取得多大的进步。An achievement test (also called an attainment test) looks back over a longer period of learning than the diagnostic test, for example a years work, or a whole course, or even a variety of different courses. Proficiency test-考察学生的语言能力；不考虑之前是否学过，学了多少，如何学的，而是为了测试被试者是否达到了某种语言水平。The aim of a proficiency test is to assess the students ability to apply in actual situations what he has learnt. Unit 2Exploration: If you explore a place, you travel around it to find out what it is likeSpace race:太空竞赛）competition between the US and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 60s to be the first to explore spaceAlien civilisation外星文明Manned mission载人飞行任务；有人驾驶飞行任务Unit 3二、definitionRefugee: Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes or their country, either because there is a war there or because of their political or religious beliefs. IDP-internally displaced personsMandate-n. 授权；命令，指令；委托管理；受命进行的工作 vt. 授权；托管If a government or other elected body has a mandate to carry out a particular policy or task, they have the authority to carry it out as a result of winning an election or vote.Caseload-待处理案件之数量 The caseload of someone such as a doctor, social worker, or lawyer is the number of cases that they have to deal with. NGO-Non-Governmental OrganizationUnit 4Tobacco industry: the people and activities involved in producing tobaccoTobacco market: an occasion people buy and sell tobaccoAnti-smoking campaigns: a series of actions intended to persuade people not to smokeCigarette giants:烟卷巨头 a very large and successful cigarette companyThe opium war 鸦片战争：war between England and china because of the opiumUnit 5Definition Civilization: A civilization is a human society with its own social organization and culture. Clash of civilization:文明的冲突The Clash of Civilizations is a theory that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War worldFundamentalist: Fundamentalism is the belief in the original form of a religion or theory, without accepting any later ideas.Identity: The identity of a person or place is the characteristics they have that distinguish them from others.Modernization: To modernize something such as a system or a factory means to change it by replacing old equipment or methods with new onesUnit 6DefinitionImmigrant: An immigrant is a person who has come to live in a country from some other country. Migration: If people migrate, they move from one place to another, especially in order to find work or to live somewhere for a short time.The promised land: 应许之地;福地；耶路撒冷 JerusalemPilgrims: Pilgrims are people who make a journey to a holy place for a religious reason.Puritans: The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who lived in a very strict and religious way. Cultural inheritance:文化传承 pass from old to young to make the culture live.Religious persecution宗教迫害is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to theirreligious beliefsUnit 7DefinitionEcology: Ecology is the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships.Extinction: The extinction of a species of animal or plant is the death of all its remaining living members. Biodiversity crisis:生物多样性危机Ecosystem:生态系统An ecosystem is all the plants and animals that live in a particular area together with the complex relationship that exists between them and their environmentUnit 8DefinitionHolocaust：大屠杀A holocaust is an event in which there is a lot of destruction and many people are killed, especially one caused by war. Nazi：Nazis were members of the right-wing political party, led by Adolf Hitler, which held power in Germany from 1933 to 1945Synagogue：church of JewishZionism: 犹太复国运动;犹太复国主义 Zionism is a movement which was originally concerned with establishing a political and religious state in Palestine for Jewish people, and is now concerned with the development of IsraelUnit 9DefinitionDiplomacy: 外交 Diplomacy is the activity or profession of managing relations between the governments of different countries.Hegemonism霸权主义Convention： political会议Diplomatic relations外交关系Unit 10DefinitionRedemption 赎回；赎罪Redemption is the act of redeeming something or of being redeemed by something.Salvation： in the Christian religion, the act of being saved by God from evilResurrection the act of making something exist againCatholic Church 天主教会regards itself as continuing the traditions of the Christian church before it was divided into separate churchesProtestant Churches新教Unit11 Politics: the ideas and activities involved in getting power in a country or over a particular area of the worldGovernment: 政府；内阁the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a stateBureaucracy: u官僚主义；官僚作风the system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicatedDemocracy: u民主政体；民主制度a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representativesDictatorship: a country controlled by someone who takes power by force and does not allow fair electionsUnit 12Definition:Art： the activity of painting, drawing, or creating sculptures;Renaissance：the period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries when there was increased interest in ancient Greece and Rome, which produced new developments in art, literature, science, architecture, etc.; relating to the Renaissance periodCubism：an art styleemphasizes the representation of natural forms as geometric shapes seen from several anglesAvant-garde artists:先锋派艺术家Composition：the way that something is formed from separate parts or peoplePerspective：透视 a way of geometric painting Unit 13DefinitionHuman cloning: a exact copy of a human created in a lab Genetic screening 基因遗传筛选Bioethics：the study of the moral and ethical choices faced in medical research and in the treatment of patients, especially when the application of advanced technology is involved生物伦理学Designer baby：设计婴儿a human baby created using a method that allows parents to choose certain genes that the baby will have or will not have, before it is bornUnit 14DefinitionHero：someone who has done something brave, for example saving a persons life or risking their own lifeCelebrity：a famous person, especially in entertainment or sportsIndividualism：the belief that the freedom of individual people is more important than the needs of society or the governmentthe middle class：the social class that consists mostly of educated people who have professional jobssociology：社会学the scientific study of the nature and development of society and social behaviourunit 15二、DefinitionMonetarism：货币主义（控制货币量以调控经济）the policy of controlling the amount of money available in a country as a way of keeping the economy strongmacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of large economic systems, such as those of whole countries or areas of the worldmicroeconomics：the study of particular aspects of an economythe business cycle 商业盛衰的周期性welfare state：福利国家a country that takes care of its citizens by providing social and financial supportunit 16二、Definition Technology：scientific knowledge used in practical ways in industry, for example in designing new machinesArtificial intelligence u人工智能an area of study conce