英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型(第三版).doc

英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型（第三版）基本词汇1.与时间相关的(1) no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days(2) at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)(3) for a given exposure time(4) increased with age.(5) for different time span.(6) After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.(7) throughout the entire test period.(8) It will decrease as time passes.(9) in a time interval t0tt0+T(10) in the mid-1950s2. 表示增加或下降的(1) An increase in the FA content decreased the(2) decrease with increase in(3) deceases as increases, and increases as increase.(4) As is lowered.(5) augment(6) The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to (7) develop at an increasing rate with time(8) the total absorbed fracture energy is increased mitigating catastrophic phenomena(9) decreased the roof temperature on hot summer afternoons by 7.2 .(10) increased by a factor of 10000 from 1millisecond to 10 seconds, and the SNR improved by the same factor(11) increased from 1 millisecond, to 0.1 seconds, by a factor of 100.(12) ramp up(13) attenuation /undergo relatively high attenuation(14) decay(15) the is accelerated at higher temperature and less prominent at lower temperatures.(16) with a rise in(17) A increases by steps with increasing B.3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定(1) probably due to(2) A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of is(3) This might be attributed to(4) depends on the two main mechanisms(5) is a common cause of (6) is the essential parameter governing the(7) , contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.(8) the cause of this resides in (9) Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.(10) owing to(11) deterministic(12) thanks to(13) depends upon(14) is governed by4. 表示展示(1) exhibit(2) illustrate(3) present(4) reflect(5) depict(6) is plot in(7) describe(8) highlight(9) showcase5. 表示某种掺量(1) high volume fly ash(2) contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials)(3) for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.(4) increase the amount of fly ash in concrete(5) as partial cement replacement materials(6) with partial fly ash substitution are investigated.(7) the dosage of fly ash(8) with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇(1) mechanical property(2) transport property(3) workability(4) flexibility(5) sustainability(6) serviceability7. 表示测试(1) examine 8. 表示超过(1) exceed9. 有关图片或表格的(1) As seen from Table 2,(2) The result ofare presented in Table 4.(3) A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)(4) was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.(5) Sketch of the experimental setup(6) T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9 (7) Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.(8) Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the test equipment.(9) A typical Load and AE cumulative hits vs. Time curve is shown in Fig. 4a.(10) the chemical structure of which is shown in Fig. 1a.(11) (as indicated in Table 2)(12) Fig. 3 shows a schematic of the testing configuration and sample pictures.(13) Details shown in Fig. 4, coming from the case study in Miami, USA, present an R square value of 0.9995 for the regression of a straight line.(14) Inspection schemes(15) top view/front view(16) Schematic description of the laboratory experimental configuration(17) upper left image/lower right image(18) can be represented graphically as in Figure 1.(19) the trend of loss in amplitude was observed identical to that in Fig.10(20) the photograph of the(21) surface temperature 3-D profile of the(22) 3-D profile for different pulse length durations and from different lamp locations(23) A three-dimensional surface temperature profile was produced to enhance the cracked area in this specimen.(24) contour plot for(25) It can be easily observed that (26) the photograph of the experimental set up(27) Fig. 1a and 2(28) Remark: this figure was modified according to 1 and 3(29) The tends in Fig.4 were initially steep and became moderate after reaching a transition point.(30) These changes are apparent in Fig. 5 for LCA and Fig. 9 for NND(31) distinguish the unique signatures(32) The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated by the similar result obtained for CCN10. 至于，对于而言, 关于(1) As for (2) In the case of(3) in respect to/with respect to(4) Concerning the mechanical behaviour, (5) In relation to11. 表示比较，对比(1) The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement.(2) As compared to(3) Ais higher than when it substitutes(4) in contrast to(5) Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens.(6) is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.(7) The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens.(8) a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because(9) Their research confirmed that a high chloride binding capacity was found in a higher calcium aluminate cement than in a lower calcium aluminate cement(10) when compared with(11) . is many times less intense than(12) is comparable to or greater than12. 表示效果更明显(1) The effect was more pronounced with increased(2) dominant(3) have determinant impact on13. 表示结构或材料致密(1) matrix densification(2) pore structure densification(3) the pore system becomes finer and less connected(4) looser microstructure14. 影响(1) Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on(2) seemed to be insensitive to(3) become decisive for the durability of the concrete(4) The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications.(5) Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on(6) , with potential implications on(7) has been shown to have appreciable affect on(8) howaffects the(9) to be of minor or negligible significance15. 因此(1) Consequently,(2) As a result,(3) For this reason(4) Resultingly,16. 表示评价，评估, 解释(1) quantify(2) evaluate(3) assess(4) interpret(5) elucidate17. 表示相同,类似,一致(1) were nearly same.(2) A behave like B(3) A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).(4) It has also been found that concrete exposed to concentrated CaCl2 deteriorated in a similar pattern to those exposed to MgCl2, although at a slower and less severe pace.(5) The material and geometry of the specimen used in this experiment was identical to that for the specimen described in section 2.2.(6) is proposed as an approximation to the(7) in analogy to(8) The measurements on the specimen A2 also showed signals similar to those obtained for the specimen A1.(9) was highly inconsistent with(10) Analogous to the, (11) showed good agreement with the findings of (12) This is a strong simplification of(13) by analogy with the treatment given in(14) In the case of AD2 (delamination) similar conclusion can be drawn from Fig.3 18. 某种程度，数量(1) the extent of the reduction(2) when there is significant quantity of heating days in a year(3) cause varying degrees of localized damage or defacement(4) undergo a modest seismic event19. 某些配比(1) water to binder ratios (W/B)(2) weight to strength ratio(3) The water to cement ratio by mass was 0.5.(4) the mix ratio of concrete was water: cement: sand: aggregate = 0.45:1:2.52:3.21 (by weight)(5) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)(6) the volumetric ratio of epoxy:GFRP was 0.645:0.35520. 表示抵制(1) high resistance to (2) resistance against carbonation21. 方程，公式(1) in Eq.(1).(2) Eqs.(2)-(7):(3) the left-hand side of Equation (5.3) has to be augmented by + (h2)(4) By substituting Equation (5.7) into Equation(5.3), we obtain(5) Dividing Eq.(1) through by m results in(6) ds can be approximated as(7) expanding Eq.(1) yields(8) Now, using the well-known identitycosAsinB=cosA+B+cos(A-B)2(9) Using the orthogonality relation,A+B=C(10) Eq.(6) indicates that the beam power is independent of z and (11) Eq.(6) turns out to be(12) the width ofis given by(13) Eq.(12) can be simplified to be(14) mark; (15) Substitution of Eq. (1) into the Eq.(2) yields the equation of(16) A is obtained by inserting this expression in Eq. (1).(17)22. 参考文献(1) this was also confirmed by several studies (2) This result was also confirmed by previous research.(3) , which has been quantified in .(4) Similar results were reported by other researchers (5) This is consistent with other reports.(6) Based on the previous studies(7) in the open literature/in previous publications(8) Numerous surveys have indicated that(9) In the study of research(10) from the review of the literature(11) have been quoted in literature.(12) In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring(13) Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning the durability of(14) concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in 16 and references therein.(15) We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to 7,1214 for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to 15,16 for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.(16) In a study undertaken by , it was shown that7.(17) Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the , e.g. 1-3(18) A more detailed review is available from our previous publication 4.(19) Cores were removed from the concrete according to the ASTM C42/C 42M (2004) Standard Test Method of Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete. The compression testing was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C873/C873M-04e1 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders.(20) An overview of publications on the use ofis given in Philippidis and Assimakopoulou 1.(21) This includes applications of acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonics, acousto-ultrasonics and elastic guided waves, as summarized in 1.(22) , as documented in the parallel destructive study performed by our team 2(23) Previous studies have addressed this issue 1-4, most of which attempt to(24) Further details on various methods may be obtained by perusing various references (25) It was Irwin 1-4 who introduce the concept of(26) most of the published work in this regard concentrated on(27) this paper can be regarded as an extension of the authors other paper.23. 缺陷，缺点，不足，问题(1) Another explanation forlies in(2) there are certain limitations(3) they suffer from serious limitations of(4) When applied to, limitations include the need to(5) The rapid introduction of new materialscreates challenges ofOne of the most critical points is the(6) Despite the great potential, there have been no systematic studies that examine how the size and resonance mode affect a cantilevers mass detection sensitivity.(7) pose challenging problems of (8) is not constrained by(9) The main obstacle in development ofis(10) its major drawback(11) Such solution may be problematic (12) A drawback to is that24. 表示变化,转变(1) modifications and variations(2) an altered matrix microstructure(3) transformations(4) the tensile cracking events give their place gradually to the shear mode due to25. 根据(1) based on the procedure outlined in (2) procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192(3) Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards(4) are based on the fundamental principle that(5) on the basis of(6) obey(7) is based upon26. 情况不同，现象不同(1) might have lead to different observations(2) demonstrate a significant deviation from(3) deviate significantly from27. 研究意义,重要的(1) The understanding of is a crucial step.(2) The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site health monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.(3) have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose(4) it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime.(5) NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspection purposes.(6) imperative(7) show great potential to do(8) is of great importance and is the research subject of many scientists. (9) further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates are very vital.28. 关系密切，相关性(1) is closely related to(2) . is closely linked to(3) is connected to(4) The correlation betweenand(5) is correlated to(6) is intrinsically dependent on (7) is associated with29. 研究领域的缺乏(1) efforts in the direction ofare very limited.(2) Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the(3) there is no common understanding about the effect of(4) Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner, further investigation is still regular.(5) Actual data onis sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer.(6) Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate(7) Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.(8) However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that are inherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of (9) actual strength prediction was seldom accomplished(10) No explanation was determined for this in the course of this research.(11) Moreover, no information regarding the use of in was provided.(12) but little effort seems to have been expended to investigating30. 侵入，渗入(1) penetration(2) carbonation propagation(3) chloride diffusing/contamination(4) moisture entrapment31. 如前所述(1) As aforementioned,(2) As already specified (stated),(3) as stated above/earlier(4) As mentioned previously/as previously described32. 建立(1) establish(2) construct33. 与结合(1) in conjunction with(2) A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of locating and measuring defects in matwrials.(3) non-contact low- and high-frequency measurements(4) by the integration of and34. 破坏(1) environmental induced defects(2) matrix cracking (3) surface buckling (4) delamination/debonding(5) fibre shear-out(6) fibre rupture/fibre breakage(7) the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner(8) laminate separation (9) fiber pullout(10) concrete crumbling(11) disbonds(12) catastrophic failure(13) damage area of the GFRP-concrete surface covering the areas of cracks(14) imperfections(15) the region of FRP detached from the concrete substrate(16) concrete anomalies(17) wrinkle(18) air bubble(19)35. 期望,需要(1) It is anticipated that/It is envisioned that/It is conceivable that(2) There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously. (3) This requires the elastic modulus of thin soft films to be measured reliably.(4) An optimized material development demands reliable characterization methods to evaluate progress and backstrokes.(5) more concrete samples need to be tested in order to validate the findings(6) will necessitate investigation of all ways to reduce energy use.(7) become increasingly urgent due to36. 后面介绍，随后提及(1) is further discussed in the following section.(2) , as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.(3) The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.(4) for the reason indicated below37. 成为一种可能(1) have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.38优点(1) It has the advantages of being contact-free and unaffected by(2) the advantages and limitations of non-destructive testing over destructive testing39. 应用,服役,可用(1) Matrix cracking is one of the major damage mechanisms encountered in FRP composites during service.(2) The model also proved applicable for(3) has emerged as a popular method for40. 补充，辅助(1) AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression.(2) are generated as an equivalent substitute for(3) which supply a good basis for further