动词不定式理论复习.doc

动词不定式理论复习定义：不定式的基本结构形式： 否定： 不定式短语： to +V 不定式的独立主格结构： 不定式在句中可作的句子成分： （ ） 1 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）注意： eg. It takes me 10 hours to finish the work.2 eg. My duty is to teach English. The important thing is to save lives. 救人要紧 The only thing I could do was to leave. He seemed to know the way. 他好象认识这条路。3 不定式在句中可用作 ；其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语（谓语动词是及物动词Vt）She likes to play with the child.He wants to go home. 有时将真正的 放在宾补（形容词做宾补）之后，用形式宾语it放在宾补之前： She found it difficult to answer the question. She considers it (to be) his duty to help others. 形容词后接不定式也叫 ： 有不少形容词（包括已变成形容词的分词）可后接不定式，这种不定式也叫做 ，这些形容词多是表思想感情的。I am very glad to see you. (Im glad that you have come here.宾语从句) we are sorry to leave.He was lucky to pass the exam.He was always eager to win. You are free to go home. 另外一些形容词后的不定式与全句的主语是什么关系？ Volleyball is very interesting to watch . Shes very nice to talk to . This problem is difficult to solve. Is it fit to eat? 哪能吃？ 注意：有些语法学家认为形容词后接的动词不定式是状语，表原因、方式等。 4 ： 通常都放在动词不定式（短语）所修饰的名词或代词之后 逻辑上是 关系： eg. The next train to arrive was from New York. All dead.I was the only one to grow up.都死了，我是唯一长大成人的。 He was always the first to come and last to leave the office. 逻辑上是 关系： 动词不定式里的动词是及物动词Vt It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的球赛。 He has many things to do. I have nothing to say on this question. 有时不定式可以是“ ”结构，介词一般不可省略。 I need a pen to write with. Give me some paper to write on. 下面句中用作 的“ ”结构(实际上是动词不定式的特殊结构) eg. She has a lot of people from whom to select. A notebook is a book in which to write notes.笔记本用来记笔记。 I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box. 我必须买一把锤子钉箱子。 5 ： eg. He gave the order to start the attack.(to start the attack 是the order 的同位语) He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿着一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。 注意：不定式用作 的不寻常位置： The enemy came close to the town and the order came to evacuate the people. 敌人离城市近了于是出现了疏散市民的命令。(to evacuate the people 是 the order 的同位语，并进行了隔离，to evacuate the people 放在动词came之后，这是要使句子平衡的原因）。 如何区分不定式（短语）做 还是定语： 6 ：通常目的，结果，原因，表方面或方向，让步，条件 表目的的情况较多，逻辑主语是全句的主语 eg. I stayed there to see what would happen. He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. 1 在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前可加in order/so as . eg. Many famers fertilize the crops in order to make them grow more quickly. Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 2 在强调这种目的状语时，也可将in order 加不定式置于句首。（so as to+V不可放于句首） eg. In order to make a study of the kangaroo,he came to Australia. To cover my emotion,I buried my face in my hands. 表结果，逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。 eg. He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。 In 1935，he left home never to return. What have I done to offend you? 我干什么惹你生气了？ 注意：soas to,suchas to，enough to，only to以及tooto等结构中的不定式都表结果。 eg. The house is so hight and narrow as to resemble a tower. His indifference is such as to make one despair. 他如此冷漠，令人感到绝望。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. （表示出乎意料的结果） He has enough money to buy the big building. The tea is too hot to drink.茶太热，不能喝。 注意：动词不定式做结果状语时，往往表示出乎意料的结果，常和only在一起使用；而现在分词作状语表示自然的结果；如：Marys father and mother both died, leaving her an orphan. (自然的结果) 1 并不是所有的tooto表“太而不能” eg. Im only too（adv.）glad to stay at home.(是宾语) 我太想留在家里啦。（too修饰glad） Im just too anxious to help you. 我正想帮助你哩。（too修饰anxious） 2 下面两句中的不定式是定语： I had too much to drink (作定语，动宾关系). 我喝多了。 You have too much to say （同上）. 你真多嘴。 表原因，逻辑主语一般是全句的主语： I trembled to think of the snake.我一想到蛇就不寒而栗。（可看作时间状语） She cried to see her mother dying. 表方面或方向 eg. I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.（表方面） Dont bother to come.（可看作时间状语）不必费神来了。（表方面） Dont trouble to meet me at the station.（表方面）不必麻烦来车站接我。 He tends to throw the ball too high.他总是把球投得过高。（表方向） 偶尔表让步： eg. You couldnt do that to save your life. 你即使为了救自己的生命也不能那样做。（让步，也可看作目的状语） 偶尔表条件： eg. To look at her, you could hardly help thinking of marrying her. You do an honest man wrong to call him a liar or a thief. 你如果把一个诚实的人唤作说谎者或盗贼，那就冤枉他了。（条件） 7 ：带to的不定式 ： ( 复合宾语) eg. I want you to be happy. What decided him to give up his job? Ill leave you to attend the matter.我将托你照管此事。 We would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art.（做后置定语） 1 有一些动词后面的宾补常是to be (可省略)，这样的动词有believe,consider,declare,find,imagine,know,prove,suppose,feel,think,understand等。 eg. I know this to be a fact.我知道这是事实。 They all felt the plan to be unwise. 他们都觉得那个计划不明智。 We believe her to be innocent.我们相信她无罪。 I consider him to be too lazy.我看他太懒了。 以上to be 可以省略 eg. We believe her innocent. I consider him too lazy. 2 被动结构中，后面的to be 仍可省去。 eg. She was believed innocent. He was considered too lazy. 注意 ：有一些动词后用作宾语补语的不定式不带to 两类动词 eg. I saw him come. I heared him sing. We felt the house shake. Let him do it. I would have you know that I am ill. They made the boy go to bed early. 1 eg. He was seen to come.（by me） The boy was made to go to bed early.(by them) 2 在动词find 与help之后， eg. He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season. Help me (to)get him to bed. 主补： 复合主语。 eg. He was seen to enter the hall. The matter is reported to be true. The room was found to be empty. He was not allowed to do it. He is said to be from New Zealand. 下面句子中的不定式亦可看作主补： It seems to be all right.它似乎没有错。 I dont happen to know. 我正巧不知。 8 ： To begin with,I do not like its colour. To tell you the truth,the film was a great disappointment to me. To make a long story short,we agreed to disagree. 长话短说，我们同意各自保留不同的看法。 How time flies,to be true! 时间真是过得快啊！ The dog,so to speak,is a member of the familiy. 那狗可以说是家庭的一员了。 另外有:to be brief（简言之）,to be exact（精确的说）,to be frank with you（老实对你说吧）,to say nothing of（暂且不讲），to conclude（总而言之）等 不定式的特殊结构： 1 。 eg. We divide the work,he to clean the window and Marry to sweep the floor.(hewindow and Maryfloor都为不定式独立结构) A number of officials followed the emperor,some to hold his robe,others to adjust his girdle,and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的给他整腰带，等等（some robe和othershis girdle都为不定式独立结构）。 2 ： 作主语: eg. For a child to do that job is just unbelievable. 让一个孩子那项工作真是不可思议。 For the goods to be packed in strong boxes is necessary. 把货物包装在结实的箱子里是必要的。 以上常用形式主语it；变为 Its just unbelievable for a child to do that job. It is necessary for goods to be parked in strong boxes. 作表语： That is for you to decide.那由你决定。 A solution would be for shops to open at noon and close about 9 p.m. 办法是商店中午开门，晚9点关门。（两个不定式并列时，第二个不定式一定不要带to） 作动词的宾语 I mean for you to eat,son.我的意思是要你吃，孩子。 Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land . 注意： 更多是做某些形容词的宾语。 eg. He was anxious for his brother to meet you. He was quite willing for everyone else to come.他很愿意让别人来。 作定语: Its time for you to go to school.你该去学校了。 That would be a matter for the people to decide.那是由人民决定的事。 目的状语： eg. He stood aside for her to pass.他靠边站让她过去。 For a vote to be valid,the deputy must be present and vote in person. 为了使每一套都有效，代表必须出席并亲自投票。 3 ：这种结构只做主语，在句子中用形式主语it代替，真正的主语放到句子后面。 Its kind of you to help me. It was cruel of Tom to laught at that little boy. Its polite of that man to give up his seat to the elderly woman. Its very good of you to come. How silly (it is) of you to do that 这种形容词还有honest,bad,stupid,foolish,bold,clever,nice,rude,thoughtful wise,wrong等。 4 who，what,which,when,where，whether和how后加不定式构成特殊的不定式短语在句子中作 主语 Where to go has not been decided? How to earn a lot of money by my pen was then the problem.如何靠我的笔维持生计，在当时是个难题。 宾语 I dont know what to do. He didnt know whether to go there or not. 表语 The difficulty was how to cross the river. The question was when to go there. 用于双宾结构中作直接宾语 I can tell you where to get this book. I asked him how to learn English. 5： eg. She has a lot of people from whom to select. A notebook is a book in which to write notes.笔记本用来记笔记。 I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box. 我必须买一把锤子钉箱子。 在什么情况下用动词不定式的一般式，进行式和完成式 1 一般式： eg. I saw him go out.(saw和go out 是同时发生的) I hope to see you again.(to see 发生在hope之后) It is a great honour to be invited to the party.（i