Lesson 3 At War with the Planet课文解析.ppt

LessonThreeAtWarwiththePlanet DisastersinTechnosphere Duststorm disafforestation desertification globalwarming acidrain meltingglacier storm drought flood mudslide heatwaves redtides earthquake tsunami pollutions airpollution waterpollution noisepollution whitepollution SevereEnviromentalProblems MammalsarefacingextinctionFreshwaterfishareontheedgeofextinctionTreespeciesarefacingthedangerofextinctionPrimitiveforestsareseriouslydamagedPeopledon thaveSafedrinkingwater DesertificationinChina Watershortage Airpollution Airpollution Smog waterpollution RedTidesWithFishKilled Tsunami Mudslide Mudslide MeltingGlacier AutomobileEngineEmission AutomobileEngineEmission AcidRain DroughtinNorthChinaColefield 2008 DroughtinNorthChina 2008 DroughtleavesshipsstrandedinsouthChina Droughtcontinuestoplayhavoc 大破坏 毁坏 inSouthChina whitepollution Electronicwastes DuststorminBeijing Duststorm April 17 2006 TheAuthor TheAuthorontheMagazine AbouttheAuthor 美 巴里 康芒纳 BarryCommoner 封闭的循环 THECLOSINGCIRCLE 自然 人和技术 NATURE MANADNTECHNOLOGY AbouttheAuthor BarryCommoner bornMay28 1917 isanAmericanbiologist collegeprofessor andeco socialist HeranforpresidentoftheUnitedStatesinthe1980USpresidentialelectionontheCitizensPartyticket CommonerwasborninBrooklyn Hereceivedhisbachelor sdegreeinzoologyfromColumbiaUniversity 1937 andhismaster sanddoctoraldegreesfromHarvardUniversity 1938 1941 AfterservingasalieutenantintheUnitedStatesNavyduringWWII CommonermovedtoSt LouisandbecameaprofessorofplantphysiologyatWashingtonUniversity wherehetaughtfor34years In1966hefoundedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstostudythescienceofthetotalenvironment Duringthelate1950s Commonerbecameawell knownprotesteragainstnucleartesting Hewentontowriteseveralbooksaboutthenegativeecologicaleffectsofabove groundnucleartesting In1970hereceivedtheInternationalHumanistAwardfromthe InternationalHumanistandEthicalUnionHis1971book TheClosingCircle suggestedaleft wing eco socialistresponsetothelimitstogrowththesis postulatingthatcapitalisttechnologieswerechieflyresponsibleforenvironmentaldegradation asopposedtopopulationpressures In1980 hefoundedtheCitizensPartytoserveasavehicleforhisecologicalmessage andhiscandidacyforPresidentontheCitizensPartyticketwon233 052votes 0 27 ofthetotal AfterhisunsuccessfulbidforPresident CommonerreturnedtoNewYorkCity andmovedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstoQueensCollege Hesteppeddownfromthatpostin2000 andisnowaseniorscientistatQueens HeisamemberoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofscienceandhasastarontheSt LouisWalkofFame CommonercriticizedRonaldReaganandGeorgeBushforregulatingpollutionandnotpreventingit FourLawsofEcology OneofCommoner slastinglegaciesishisfourlawsofecology aswritteninTheClosingCirclein1971 Thefourlawsare 1 EverythingisConnectedtoEverythingElse Thereisoneecosphereforalllivingorganismsandwhataffectsone affectsall 2 EverythingMustGoSomewhere Thereisno waste innatureandthereisno away towhichthingscanbethrown 3 NatureKnowsBest Humankindhasfashionedtechnologytoimproveuponnature butsuchchangeinanaturalsystemis saysCommoner likelytobedetrimentaltothatsystem 4 ThereIsNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch Everythingcomesfromsomething There snosuchthingasspontaneousexistence HisWritings ScienceandSurvival NewYork Viking 1966 TheClosingCircle Nature Man andTechnology NewYork Knopf 1971 ThePovertyofPower EnergyandtheEconomicCrisis NewYork RandomHouse 1976 ThePoliticsofEnergy NewYork Knopf 1979 MakingPeacewiththePlanet NewYork Pantheon 1990 EARTHKEEPERHERO BARRYCOMMONER BarryCommonerisanAmericanenvironmentalscientist Heisalsoanauthorandastrongsocialactivist Commonerwasbornin1917 HeattendedHarvardUniversityandreceivedadoctorateinbiologyin1941 Inhisworkasabiologist Commonerhasfocusedespeciallyonozonelayerdepletion 损耗 减少 Inthe1950s Commonerbegantopushforatmospherictestingofnuclearweapons therebybringinghimselfintopublicprominence Inthe1960s hebecameinvolvedinotherenvironmentalissues theseincludedpollutionandenergysources Hegavespeechesandwrotenumerousbooks ScienceandSurvival 1967 TheClosingCircle 1971 EnergyandHumanWelfare 1975 ThePovertyofPower 1976 ThePoliticsofEnergy 1979 andMakingPeacewiththePlanet 1990 Amonghisviews Commonerbelievesthatindustrialmethods especiallythoseinvolvingfossilfuels arecausingenvironmentalpollution Hefeelsstronglythatthequestformaximumprofit currentlytakespriorityoverenvironmentalreasoning Commoneralsobelievesthatitispointlesstotrytoundotheenvironmentaldamagewehavecaused thisisalosingbattle Weshouldinsteadfocusonpreventingfuturedestruction forthemostpart thesolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsliesinnotdestroyingtheenvironmentinthefirstplace Commoner ssolutionsformanyproblemsareconsideredradical Heisastrongadvocateofrenewableenergysources specificallysolarenergy whichwoulddecentralize 分散 electric utilitiesandusesunlightasanalternativepowersourceformostenergyconsumers Tomakethetransitionfromonetotheother Commonersuggeststhatweusemoderatessuchasmethane 沼气 andmaketheswitchalittleatatime Commoneralsohasstrongviewsonsocialcausesofthepresentenvironmentalsituation Heargues forexample thateliminatingThirdWorlddebtpaymentswouldlessentheeconomicgapbetweendevelopedandlessdevelopedcountriesandendthedesperationthatusuallyresultsin desperationthatusuallyresultsinoverpopulation Thisdebtforgivenesscouldalsocompensateforpreviousdecadesofdamageinflictedonsuchcountries Commoneralsocallsforredistributionoftheworld swealth CommonercombinedhissocialistandenvironmentalbeliefsinabriefCitizen sPartypresidentialcampaignin1980 Forthepastnearlytwentyyears hehasdirectedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemsatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCity BarryCommonerwasaheroinmanyeyes Hewasanenvironmentalistwhoalertedtheworldaboutsomeofearth sproblems HewasalsocalledanEnvironmentalActivist BarryCommonerwasbornin1917 inBrooklyn NYwerehewasinterestedscienceandplants LaterhewenttoColumbiaCollege wherehestudiedecology thenwenttoHarvardforgraduateschool Nowheis88yearsoldandstillconsideredthe PaulRevereofEcology BarryCommonerdidmanythingsinhislifeforoneherealizedtheproblemscausedbynuclearactivitiesanditsinfluencesontheenvironmentandhumans Hefoundthatradioactivity buildsup inpeopleuntiltheygetsickandusuallydie Hishelpfulresearchwasrewardedbythenucleartest bandtreaty BarryCommonerwrotemanybooksabouttheenvironmenthislatestcalled MakingPeacewiththePlanet isabouttheproblemscausedbypeopleandhowtohelptheearth ManyyearsafterMr Commonerdidallofhis researchontheplanetherealizedsomethinghorrible unlesspeopledidnothelpmaketheworldabetterplaceitwouldbeunsuitableforhumanlifeinseveralyears Hisstatementchangedpeople swaysandmanypeopletookactionthatiswhywearestillallalive Althoughnotallofourproblemshavebeensolvedyetweneedtokeepworkingtostayaliveonourhomeplanet KnowledgeaboutOzonelayer TheozonelayerprotectstheEarthfromtheultravioletrayssentdownbythesun Iftheozonelayerisdepletedbyhumanaction theeffectsontheplanetcouldbecatastrophic Ozoneispresentinthestratosphere 平流层 同温层 Thestratospherereaches30milesabovetheEarth andattheverytopitcontainsozone ThesunsraysareabsorbedbytheozoneinthestratosphereandthusdonotreachtheEarth Ozoneisabluishgasthatisformedbythreeatomsofoxygen Theformofoxygenthathumansbreatheinconsistsoftwooxygenatoms O2 Whenfoundonthesurfaceoftheplanet ozoneisconsideredadangerouspollutantandisonesubstanceresponsibleforproducingthegreenhouseeffect Thehighestregionsofthestratospherecontainabout90 ofallozone Inrecentyears theozonelayerhasbeenthesubjectofmuchdiscussion Andrightlyso becausetheozonelayerprotectsbothplantandanimallifeontheplanet Thefactthattheozonelayerwasbeingdepletedwasdiscoveredinthemid 1980s ThemaincauseofthisisthereleaseofCFCs chlorofluorocarbons 氟氯化碳 Antarcticawasanearlyvictimofozonedestruction AmassiveholeintheozonelayerrightaboveAntarcticanowthreatensnotonlythatcontinent butmanyothersthatcouldbethevictimsofAntarctica smeltingicecaps Inthefuture theozoneproblemwillhavetobesolvedsothattheprotectivelayercanbeconserved Howtheworld sclimatemaychangeinthefuture Climatechangeisoneofthemostseriousenvironmentalthreatsfacingtheworldtoday Itsimpactswillbefeltacrosstheworld assealevelrisethreatenstheexistenceofsomesmallislandstatesandputsmillionsofpeopleatrisk Temperatureincreases droughtandfloodingwillaffectpeople shealthandwayoflife andcausetheirreversiblelossofmanyspeciesofplantsandanimals Averageglobalsurfacetemperatureshaveincreasedby0 6 Coverthe20thcentury seefigure below Thetenhottestyearsonrecordhavealloccurredsincethebeginningofthe1990s AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange IPCC thestrongwarmingofthelast50yearscannotbeexplainedbynaturalclimatevariationsalone butrequirestheinclusionoftheeffectsofhumanemissions Muchoftheobservedriseinsea level 10 20cm duringthe20thcenturymayberelatedtothisincreaseinglobalmean temperatures Currentclimatemodelspredictthatglobaltemperatureswillrisebyafurther1 4to5 8 Cbytheendofthe21stcentury Globalmeansealevels 平均海平面 arealsopredictedtoriseby9to88cmby2100 Maldivesheldseabedmeeting18 10 2009 ThepresidentoftheMaldivesandhisministershaveheldtheworld sfirstunderwatercabinetmeeting inasymboliccryforhelpoverrisingsealevelsthatthreatentheexistenceofthelow lyingtropicalarchipelago 群岛 列岛 Aimingforanotherattention grabbingeventtobringtherisksofclimatechangeintoreliefbeforealandmarkUNclimatechangemeetinginDecember PresidentMohamedNasheed scabinetheadedtothe bottomofaIndianOceanlagoon Cladinblackdivingsuitsandmasks thepresident 11ministers thevice presidentandcabinetsecretarydived3 8metrestogatherattablesanchoredtotheseabed NepalheldhighestCabinetmeetingatMt Everest 04 12 2009 Nepal stoppoliticiansstrappedonoxygentanksandheldaCabinetmeetingamidMountEverest sfrigid thinairtohighlightthedangerglobalwarmingposestoglaciers Themeetingwasheldataflatareaatanaltitudeof17 192feet 5 250meters GeneralStructure PartI Para 1 Thisistheintroductorypartinwhichtheauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds Likeinlessonone theauthorcomestothepointrightway PartII Paras 2 5 Inthispart theauthorexplainswhythetwoworldsareatwar GeneralStructure PartIII Paras 6 9 Thefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman madeobjectsandthesurroundingsPartIV Paras 10 11 theclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphereandthelinearprocessoftechnosphere GeneralStructure PartV Paras 12 14 theconsistentandharmoniousnatureoftheecosphereascontrastedtotherapidchangeandvariationofthetechnospherePartVI Paras 15 16 comparisonbetweentheconsequencesoffailureortheecosphereandthatofthetechnosphere GeneralStructure PartVII Paras 17 21 thedangeroftakingsideinthewarofthetwoworldsPartVIII Paras 22 23 Conclusion theauthoronceagainstressestheimportanceofunderstandingtheinterplayofthetwoworldsandonthebasisofthisunderstanding makingitourtasktofindwaystomakepeacewiththeplanet Detailedstudyofthetext 1 Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph Itservesasanintroduction Inthispart theauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds 2 Thisfirstsentencehasalreadykeptusinsuspense Whydopeopleliveintwoworlds whatkindofworldsarethey thisworldandthenext Couldwelivehereandthereatthesametime 3 Accordingtotheauthor whatarethetwoworldsthatpeoplelivein Thetwoworldsrefertothenaturalworldandtheworldofhumancreation thatis man madeworld Para 1 4 Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthesetwoworlds Howdopeoplethinkofthesetwoworlds Thenaturalworldisbeyondhumancontrol Generallywethinkthatweareresponsibleforeventsofourownworld butnotforwhatoccursinthenaturalworld exemptfrom freefromanobligation dutyorpaymente g goodsexemptfromtaxThehandicappedareexemptfrommilitaryservice Para 2 PartII Paras 2 5 1 Now onaplanetaryscale thisdivisionhasbeenbreachedbreach break tomakeagapinawallsorbarrier etc Thisisatransitionalsentence linkingupthefollowingpartwiththefirstparagraph Italsoleadstofurtherexplanationoftheinteractionbetweenthetwoworlds Globally thedivisionbetweenthetwoworldshasbeenbroken Theyarenolongerseparated Theimpliedmeaningiswhathumansdointhetechnospherewillhaveeffectontheecosphere Para 2 HoleintheEarth sprotectiveozonelayer臭氧层具有保护地球表面遭受来自太阳的强烈紫外线的照射 这些紫外线能够导致皮肤癌的产生 由此看来 臭氧层其实就是地球的保护伞 现在由于损害臭氧层的化学气体的排放 臭氧层已经变得越来越薄 好象伞上破了一个洞 而且洞在日益地增大 这对伞下自然会有影响 许多人都在担心皮肤癌的发病率会大大增加 2 evendroughts floods andheatwavesmaybecomeunwittingactsofman Boththeholeinozonelayerandglobalwarmingareconsequencesofhumandeeds Theyinturnwillcauseothernaturaldisasterslikedroughts floodsandheatwaves Inthissense whatpeopledointhetechnospheremayunintentionallyhaveadverseeffectsontheecosphere Doyouthinkitacorrectstatement Ifyes couldyougiveanexampleofthiskind Forexample inordertoreclaim 开垦 land ortogatherfirewood peoplewouldcutdowntreesandbushes thuscausingdeforestation Withouttheprotectionofforests therewillbefloods droughtsandlandslides Inhistory ourloessplateau 黄土高原 wasoncecoveredwiththickforestandthesoilwasfertile Withforestgone ithasturnedintoabarrenland Cutdownforest Para 3 1 LiketheCreation theportendingglobaleventsarecosmic toportend tobeanomenorwarningofportending ominous threateningglobalevents refertoeventssuchastheholeintheozonelayerandglobalwarmingcomic notjustaproblemofaregionExplanation Likethecreationoftheuniverse eventsthathappenontheearthmayhavevasteffects especiallyontherelationshipbetweentheplanetearthandthesun Para 3 2 Thesun spowerfulinfluenceontheearthisexertedbytwoforces gravityandsolarradiation exert touseorapplyaquality skill pressure etc 施加 e g Sheexertedalotofpressureonherchildrentosucceed Thesunexertsit spowerfulinfluenceontheearththroughtwoforces theNorthPole theNorthFrigidZone theNorthTemperateZone theEquator theSouthTemperateZone theSouthFrigidZone theSouthPole theTropicalZone Para 3 3 Solarradiation largelyvisibleandultravioletlight isavaststreamofenergythatbathestheEarth ssurface ultravioletlight oflightthatisbeyondthepurpleendoftherangeofcolors spectrum thatmakeuplightthatcanbeseenbyhumanbeing 太阳能 主要是可见光和紫外线 是沐浴大地表层的源源不断 用之不竭的能量 4 Solarenergyfuelstheenergy requiringprocessoflife itcreatestheplanet sclimateandgovernsthegradualevolutionandthecurrentbehaviorofitshugeandvariedpopulationoflivingthings 1 solarenergyfuelstheenergy requiringprocessesoflife tofuel toprovidefuel togivepowertoThephotosynthesisofplantsisacaseinpoint 2 Thecurrentbehaviorofmanyanimalsandplantsistheresultofclimatechangeovermillionsofyears 5 Wehavebeentamperingwiththispowerfulforce unaware liketheSorcerer sapprentice ofthepotentiallydisastrousconsequencesofouraction 1 tamperwithsth tointerferewithoraltersthwithoutauthority2 sorcerer sapprentice infolklore thesorcerer sapprenticeaccidentallyfloodedthesorcerer shousebecausehelearnedtomakeabroomfetchwaterbutnothowtomakeitstop It saninterestingfolklore 3 WhydoestheauthorsaythatwehavebeenbehavingliketheSorcerer sApprentice BecausewehavebeendoingthingswithoutknowingthattheymayhaveseriouseffectsontheplanetEarth4 我们一直在滥用这股强大的力量 就像传说中魔术师的徒弟一样我们并没有意识到我们的这种行为很可能会导致灾难性的后果 Para 4 1 WehavebecomeaccustomedtothenowmundaneimageoftheEarthasseenfrom ismisleading 1 mundane commonplace ordinary2 Seenfromthemoon onecannotdiscerntracesofhumanactivities 3 Whatistheauthor sviewoftheimage Theauthorthinksthattheimageisspectacularbutismisleading becauseitfailstoshowhumandamagetotheearth Greenearth Para 4 4 Butthisimage nowrepeatedlythrustbeforeusinphotographs posters andadvertisements ismisleading Explanation Theearthweseeninphotos posters andads whichappearssobeautiful isnotatruereflectionoftheworldwelivein suchimagelullusintocomplacency Soitismisleading Para 4 2 Eveniftheglobalwarmingcatastrophenevermaterializes andtheozoneholeremainsanesoteric polarphenomenon alreadyhumanactivityhasprofoundlyalteredglobalconditionsinwaysthatmaynotregisteronthecamera即使全球变暖这种灾难永不发生 即使臭氧空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象 人类活动也已极大地改变了全球条件 这些也许是照相机拍不出来的 Para 4 1 register becaptured appearapparent2 humanactivityhasalreadygreatlychangedglobalconditionsinhidden covertwaysthatarehardtodiscover 3 Thefollowingsentencegivesussupportingexamples radioactivityhaschangedglobalconditionsyetitishardtocaptureradioactivitywithacamera Para 4 3 noxiousflamesofsmogblanketovermajorcities 1 smog alow lying perceptiblelayerofpollutedair2 blanket tocoverwithathicklayer4 carcinogenicsyntheticpesticideshavebeendetestedinmother smilkallovertheworld 1 carcinogenic causingorproducingcancer smogblanketovermajorcities Para 4 Explanation Testsofmother smilkallovertheworldshowtheexistenceofsyntheticpesticidewhichmightcausecancer Thisindicatesthatmothershaveeatenfoodwithresiduesofsyntheticpesticide 5 greatforestshavenbeencutdown destroyingecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies 1 niche biology smallenvironmentofplantsandanimals theconditionsinwhichaspeciescanlivesuccessfully2 ecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies 生态小环境及生活在其中的物种 Para 5 1 Clearly weneedtounderstandtheinteractionbetweenourtwoworlds thenaturalecosphere thethinglobalskinofair water andsoilandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveinit andtheman madetechnosphere powerfulenoughtodeservesograndioseaterm 1 whatistheecosphere 生态圈 Accordingtotheauthor theecospherereferstoair waterandsoilthatcovertheearthandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveonit Para 5 2 technosphere atermcoinedbytheauthor imitatingandincontrastwithecosphere Theuseofsuffix spheremakesthetermappearunnecessarilygrand 2 ThetechnospherehasbecomesufficientlylargeandintensetoalterthenaturalprocessesthatgoverntheecosphereExplanation Humanactivitieshavetakenplaceoversuchlargeareasandwithsuchintensitythattheyhavealreadycauseddisastrouseffectsonecology Para 5 catastrophicallydiminishingourabilitytoprovideforbasichumanneeds Explanation Frequentnaturaldisasters causedbyorworsenedbyhumandisruptionoftheecologicalsystem havereducedourabilitytosatisfytheneedsofpeopleonearth Para 5 4 Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack Thetwoworldsareatwar 1 Thisisthethemeoftheessay Itsumsuptheargumentsinthepreviousparagraphs 2 instigate tomakesthbeginorhappen initiate touchoff triggeroff sparkoffe g toinstigateastrike anattackThepolicehaveinstigatedanofficialinquiryintotheincident Para 5 3 Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack Theauthorisexpressingtheideainametaphoricalway Theresponseoftheecosphereiscomparedtoacounterattack PartIII Paras 6 9