参考 11级专业英语考试.doc

1 水泥砼 Cement Concrete 2 沥青砼 asphalt concrete3 钢筋砼 reinforced concrete4 新拌砼 green concrete5 加气砼 air-entrained concrete6 蒸养砼 steam curing concrete7 大体积砼massive concrete8 预拌砼 Ready-mixed concrete9 预应力砼prestressed concrete10波特兰水泥砼Portland cement concrete11 预制砼Precast concrete12 多孔砼Porous concrete13 现浇砼Cast-in-situ concrete14 轻质砼Lightweight concrete15 硬化砼Hardened concrete16 水力学 hydraulics17土力学 Soil mechanics18施工阶段construction phase19水资源 water resources20城市规划urban planning21钢结构steel structure22结构钢Structural steel23全天（年）候道路All -weather road24运载能力load-carrying ability25公共交通mass transportation26行车道driving lane27含水量 water content28施工现场construction site29填料filling materials30国道state highway31地方道路local highway32环路,环线belt highway33塌落度实验Slump test34填方filling35视线sight lines36视距sight distances37土方沉降Earth settlement38稳定土soil stabilization39竖曲线Vertical curve40平曲线Plane curve41圆曲线Circular curve42缓和曲线Easement curve43定线,定位location44超高superelevation45中间的middle46路肩shoulder47素混凝土Plain concrete48细度fineness49细集料Fine aggregate50粗集料Coarse aggregate51和易性workability52抗压强度compressive strength53抗拉强度Tensile strength54水灰比Water-cement ratio 水泥浆 cement paste55水泥砂浆Cement mortar56耐久性durability 耐久的durable57碱集料反应Alkali-aggregate reaction58碳化作用Carbonation59离析Segregation60不锈钢Stainless steel61压实，夯实Compact62水化Hydration63水化热 hydration heat64刚性路面Rigid pavement65柔性路面Flexible pavement66弹性模量Modulus of elasticity67刚度stiffness68开级配的Open-graded69针入度penetration70乳化沥青emulsified asphalt71透层prime coat72粘层tack coat73封层seal coat74砌块masonry units75碳素钢carbon steel76非承重梁Non load-bearing beam 非承重Non load-bearing 77应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve78比例极限proportional limit79塑性变形plastic deformation80静荷载static load81动荷载dynamic load82集中荷载concentrated load83分布荷载distributed load84桥墩pier85弯矩bending moment 力矩 moment86桥台，拱座abutment87吊桥，悬索桥Suspension bridge88工科毕业生Engineering graduate考连，介词 （1）In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variable such as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.（2）Passing sight distance is the minimum sight distance that must be available to enable the driver of one vehicle to pass another vehicle, safely and comfortably, without interfering with the speed of an oncoming vehicle traveling at the design speed, should it come into view after the overtaking maneuver is started. The sight distance available for passing at any place is the longest distance at which a driver whose eyes are 3. 5 feet above the pavement surface can see the top of an object 3. 5feet high on the road. Passing sight distance is considered only on two-lane roads. At critical locations, a stretch of four -lane construction with stopping sight distance is sometimes more economical than two lanes with passing sight distance.（3） Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to its final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete. Immediately upon placing, the concrete should be compacted by means of hand tools or vibrators. Such compacting prevents honeycombing, assures close contact with forms and reinforcement, and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior segregation. Compacting is achieved by hand tamping with a variety of special tools, but now more commonly and successfully with high frequency, power-driven vibrators. These are of the internal type, immersed in the concrete, or of the external type, attached to the forms. The former are preferable but must be supplemented by the latter where narrow forms or other obstacles makes immersion impossible. （4）That works must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer , or his representative , does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.（5）In an arch bridge the arch is the main structural member and transmits the loads imposed on it to the abutments at the springing points. The part of the construction above the arch ring when the roadway or railway is at a higher level than the crown of the arch is called the spandrel . Since steel and reinforced concrete are capable of taking tension, the arch rings can be very much thinner than in masonry construction. The braced spandrel bridge is usually constructed in steel, as is also the bridge where the roadway is supported by hangers from the structural arch. Another type of arched bridge is the stiffened tied-arch, which is often called a bow-string girder. In an archery bow the string prevents the bow from flattening out. In a similar manner, the road-supporting horizontal girders are made strong enough to absorb the arch thrusts, and thereforethe reactions on the piers and abutments are vertical 。句子翻译1、 The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of.工程与社会之间的关系越来越密切；它是足够的，因此，可以说由工程师的工作会影响到许多不同的和重要的方式，他或她应该知道的社会2、 The great civilization throughout history were also the great road builders .伟大的文明在历史上就是道路建设3、 With powerful modern machinery, whole mountains can be moved and valleys filled in to make the route as direct as possible. Then the details are planned: the width of the highway, the number of driving lanes, the number and location of entrances and exits, and the essential strength of the load.强大的现代机械，整座山可以移动和填充使路线尽可能直接的山谷。然后详细计划：公路的宽度，行车车道数，入口和出口的数目、位置，以及负载的本质力量。4、Once the road authority has decided to construct a new major road, then it will employ either its own engineers or a consulting engineer to survey the alternative routes and carry out the road design.一旦公路管理局已决定建立一个新的主要道路，那么它将用自己的工程师或咨询工程师调查的替代路线和进行道路设计。5、The bottom layer is 10 to 20 centimeters thick and usually made up of larger stones. The upper course has smaller stones and is about 8 centimeters thick.底层是10至20厘米厚，通常由大的石头。上游具有较小的结石，约8厘米厚的。5、 Detailed drawings, specifications and bills of quantities are prepared so that constructors can tender, normally in competition with each other, for the construction of the work.6、 On completion of the earthworks, further shallow drain trenches, about 4 ft ( 1 . 2 m) deep, areconstructed to keep the top layer of cutting or embankment free from water, which would weaken it .对土方工程完成后，进一步浅排水沟，约4英尺（1。2米）深，并保持切削或路堤无水层，它会削弱它的7、e highway classification process is required by federal law. Each state must assign roadways into different classes in accordance with standards and procedures established by the Federal Highway Administration.E公路分类过程是由联邦法律规定。每个国家都必须指定道路分为不同的类别，按照标准和程序，由美国联邦公路管理局的建立。 8、The location and the geometric features of a highway are influenced to a large degree by the topography, physical features, and land use of the area traversed的位置和公路几何特性的影响在很大程度上受地形，物理特征，和该地区土地利用遍历.9、The term“ capacity ” is used to express the maximum number of vehicles which have a reasonable expectation of passing over a section of a lane or a roadway during a given time period under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.术语“能力”是用来表达最多的车辆有一个合理的期望过一段巷巷道中或某一特定时期的主要道路和交通条件下10、Concrete is a stone-like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. 混凝土是一种石头像允许仔细的比例混合得到的材料的水泥，沙子和砾石或其它集料，和水的所需的结构的形状和尺寸的形式变硬。11、The facility with which, while plastic, it can be deposited and made to fill forms or molds of almost any practical shape is one of these factors 。该设施与，而塑料，它可以沉积，填补几乎任何实际形状的形式或模具是其中的一个因素。12、 The durability of concrete can be defined as its resistance to deterioration resulting from external and internal causes.混凝土的耐久性被定义为外部和内部原因导致的耐磨性。13、 Deterioration of concrete by weathering is usually brought about by the disruptive action of alternate freezing of free water within the concrete and expansion and contraction of the concrete, under restraint, resulting from variations in temperature and alternate wetting and drying.由风化的混凝土13、恶化通常是所带来的自由水冻破坏行动在约束混凝土和混凝土的膨胀和收缩，从温度和干湿交替变化造成的。14、 Certain natural aggregates react chemically with the alkalis present in Portland cement. Then this happens these aggregates expand or swell resulting in cracking and disintegration of concrete.某些天然集料的化学反应在波特兰水泥的碱。然后这一切发生的时候，这些聚集体扩大或膨胀导致混凝土开裂和解体。15、Low permeability is an important requirement for hydraulic structures and in some cases water-tightness of concrete may be considered to be more significant than strength although, other conditions being equal, concrete of low permeability will also be strong and durable.低渗透性是一个重要的要求，液压结构，并在某些情况下，混凝土的水密性可以被认为是比强度虽然更显著，在其他条件相同的情况下，低渗透性的混凝土也将有力和持久。16、 When properly designed and constructed, concrete roads and streets are capable of carrying almost unlimited amounts of any type of traffic with ease, comfort, and safety.在适当的设计和建造，混凝土公路和街道都能携带几乎无限的任何类型的交通方便，舒适的量，和安全性。17、 A wearing surface of Portland cement concrete usually consists of a single layer of uniform cross section that has a thickness of 6 to 11 in. and that may not require a separate base course, often being constructed directly on a prepared subgrade or subbase.磨损表面的波特兰水泥混凝土通常由一层均匀的横截面的厚度为611。那可不需要一个单独的基础课程，通常是直接建立在制备路基或基层18、 A plant mix of closely graded mineral aggregate and asphalt, designed and controlled to produce a mixture of high quality from the standpoint of both stability and durability.一紧密级配骨料和沥青厂拌，设计和控制生产的稳定性和耐久性的角度对高质量混合。19、If a material were not elastic and a deformation were present in the structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless.如果一种材料的弹性和不变形的搬迁后的负荷的结构目前在重复加载和卸载，最终将增加变形的地步结构将变得毫无用处20、 Timber is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few natural materials with good tensile properties.木材是最古老的建筑材料和一个天然的材料具有良好的抗拉性能。21、 The strength of concrete increases in time because the hydration process continues for years;在时间的混凝土强度增加，由于水化过程持续多年；22、 Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of the great variety, strength, durability, and lightness.、塑料迅速因其品种，强度，耐久性成为重要的建筑材料，和亮度。23、 If this increased volume of traffic were to be accommodated at the same standard as today, the road might need to be widened by a similar forty to fifty percent perhaps an extra lane of traffic for the pedestrian to cross.如果这增加的交通量被容纳在标准和今天一样，道路可能需要由一个类似的四十扩大到百分之五十-或许是一个额外的车道向行人。24、When designing and constructing a long-span bridge the great weight of the structure, the dynamic effects of moving loads such as locomotives or motor vehicles, and the aerodynamic effects of wind pressure give rise to problems which call for the greatest knowledge and ingenuity in theirsolution . 当设计和修建大跨度桥梁结构的重量大，移动荷载如机车或车辆的动态效果，和风压力空气动力学效应引起的问题，呼吁解决最大的知识和智慧。25、 Once the road authority has decided to construct a new major road, then it will employ either its own engineers or a consulting engineer to survey the alternative routes and carry out the road design.一旦公路管理局已决定建立一个新的主要道路，那么它将用自己的工程师或咨询工程师调查的替代路线和进行道路设计。短文翻译1、The next step is the testing of the earth foundation on which the road is to rest. Engineers carefully study the soil to learn how solid it is, how much moisture it contains, and how well it drains. Then they decide how the soil should be prepared and packed to provide a good, sturdy foundation, or roadbed. They prescribe the thickness of the road layers, the size of the rocks in them, and the other materials that should be used. While the testing is under way, a group of surveyors begin to measure the land to find out exactly how much work needs to be done and how much it will cost. Then the construction crew can finally move in.下一步是测试的基础上，对地球的道路是休息。工程师仔细研究土壤来了解它是多么的固体，它含有多少水分，以及它如何排水。然后他们决定如何应备土和包装提供了一个良好的，坚实的基础，或路基。他们开的路层的厚度，在岩石的尺寸，并应使用的其他材料。虽然测试正在进行，一组测量员开始丈量土地找出需要做更多的工作，它要花多少钱。然后，施工人员终于可以移动。2、Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be durable. The durability of concrete can be defined as its resistance to deterioration resulting from external and internal causes. The external causes include the effects of environmental and service conditions to which concrete is subjected, such as weathering, chemical actions and wear. The internal causes are the effects of salts, particularly chlorides and sulphates, in the constituent materials, interaction between the constituent materials, such as alkali-aggregate reaction, volume changes, absorption and permeability. In order to produce a durable concrete care should be taken to select suitable constituent materials. It is also important that the mix contains adequate quantities of materials in proportions suitable for producing a homogeneous and fully compacted concrete mass.除了承受荷载的能力，混凝土的要求也将经久耐用。混凝土的耐久性被定义为外部和内部原因导致的耐磨性。外部原因包括环境和服务条件的混凝土遭受影响，如风化，化学作用和磨损。内部原因是盐的影响，特别是氯化物和硫酸盐，在构成材料，组成材料之间的相互作用，如碱骨料反应，体积变化，吸收和渗透。为了生产高耐久性的混凝土，应注意选择合适的材料组分。同样重要的是，混合包含足够数量的材料配比适合生产均匀致密的混凝土。3、 Fresh concrete gains strength most rapidly during the first few days and weeks. S