Chomsky-and-Transational-Generative-Grammar.ppt

TheTransformational GenerativeGrammar AvramNoamChomsky 1928 andhisphilosophyoflanguage Harris students trainedasanempiricistandgreatlyinfluencedbystructuralism 1950s challengeonempiricismandbehaviourism mentalismdrewattentionagain notsatisfiedwiththeStructuralAnalyticalmethod Chomskybegantorethinkthephilosophicalfoundationsofthefield 1Whatislanguage Languageisinnate anewwayoflookingatlanguageandathumannature particularlythehumanmind 2TheInnatenessHypothesisLanguageAcquisitionDevice auniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning whichiscomposedofahypothesis maker linguisticuniversalsandanevaluationprocedure 3TheUniversalgrammarandParticularGrammar1 Humanmindssharetheknowledgeandrepresenttheknowledgeintermsofphysicalmechanism PG UGAparticulargrammarcomesfromuniversalgrammaraftersomeexposuretoaparticularlanguage whichreferstothegrammaticalrulesinternalizedbythechildexposedtolinguisticdata 2 Competenceandperformance Competence learner stacitknowledgeofalanguageunderidealconditions Performance thespecificuseoftheknowledgeunderproperconditions Linguisticcompetenceandlangue langueisasocialproduct butlinguisticcompetenceisoneofthecharacteristicsofthehumanmind langueisstatic whilelinguisticcompetenceisdynamic anditisapotentialabilityintheprocessofgeneratinglanguage 4TheGenerativeGrammar asystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences Itspecifieswhatthespeakeractuallyknowsandexplorestheuniversalrulesinthehopeofrevealinghumancognitivesystemsandtheessentialnatureofhumanbeings Alinguististodiscoverauniversalgrammarfromparticulargrammars thehypothesis deductionmethod IIStagesofChomsky stheory1TheClassicalTheory theFirstLinguisticModel LogicalStructureofLinguisticTheory 1955 andSyntacticStructure 1957 1 emphasisongenerativeabilityoflanguage2 introductionoftransformationalrules3 grammaticaldescriptionregardlessofmeanings Itisnecessarytoworkoutagrammarthat withafinitesetofrules cangenerateallthegrammaticalsentencesinalanguagewithoutgeneratingasinglenon grammaticalsentence TheFirstLinguisticModelconsistsofthreecomponents phrasestructurerules transformationalrules 16rules andmorphophonemicrulesDeepstructureandsurfacestructureTheFirstlinguisticModelisthebeginningofformalizinglinguisticdescription andonlybywayofformalizeddescriptionandanalysiscanagrammarbesimple explicit recursiveandcircular 2TheStandardTheory 1965 1970 AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax 1965 andLanguageandMind 1968 Dealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguisticstheory 1 Therevisedmodel agenerativegrammarshouldconsistofthreecomponents syntactic phonologicalandsemantic BaseComponentRe writingrulesLexiconDeepStructureTRSurfaceStructureSemanticComponentPhonologicalRulesSemanticRepresentationPhonologicalRepresentation 2 Improvements transformationcanonlychangetheformsofsentencesandarenotallowedtoalterthemeaning selectionalrestrictionswhichensuretoproducegrammaticalsentences restrictionsareputontransformations sentencescanbeembedded therulesareorderedandthereisasetorderinwhichtherulesapply 3 Changesofthestage semanticsasacomponent lyingindeepstructure 3TheExtendedStandardTheory TheThirdLinguisticModel 1970 1980 ReflectionsonLanguage 1975 andRulesandRepresentations 1980 TheBaseComponent PhraseStructureRules LexiconDeepStructure TheTransformationalComponentSurfaceStructurePhonologicalRules SemanticInterpretativeRulesPhonologicalRepresentationLogicalFormRepresentation Changes partofsemanticinterpretationismovedtothesurfacestructure X barTheory Alpha Movement 4TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory GovernmentandBindingTheory 1980 1992 LecturesonGovernmentandBinding BaseGenerationDstructureTransformationSstructurePhonologicalinputSemanticinputPhonologicalrulesSemanticrulesSurfaceStructureLogicalForm PhoneticForm SemanticExpression Changes auniversalgrammarconsistsofGrammar PhoneticFormandLogicalForm arulesystemandasystemofprinciples therulesystemconsistsoftheLexicon thegrammaticalcomponentandtheinterpretativecomponentwhichismadeupofPFcomponentandLFcomponent whiletheprincipleconsistsofthe Theory thecasetheory thebindingtheory theboundingtheory thecontroltheory thegovernmenttheory 5TheMinimalistProgram 1992 TheMinimalismProgramLanguageconsistsoftwocomponents aLexiconandaComputationalSystem thepartsrelevanttotheLexiconandparametervariationsareattributedtotwomajoraspects thecombinationofmeaningandsound andthemorphologicalfeaturesoftheLexicon LexiconPFLanguageComputationalsystemLFThecentralinnovationintheMinimalismProgramisitsconfiningvariationstotheLexiconandcontrollingparameterconfigurationsintheobservableparts mainlymorphologicalfeatures ofthelanguage 6AComparisonBetweenTGGrammarandStructuralGrammar1 Waysinwhichthetwogrammarsdifferfromeachother Rationalism innateness deductivemethodology emphasisoninterpretation formalization emphasisonlinguisticcompetence stronggenerativepowers emphasisonlinguisticuniversals 2 DifferencesonthenatureoflanguageAsetoflexicalandgrammaticalhabitsorasetofrulesorprinciplesAimstodescribelanguagesortoproduceagenerativegrammarUseobservableandobserveddataorrelyonone sownintuitionInductiveordeductiveEmpiricismandbehaviourismorrationalismandmentalism 7Chomky scontribution1 InnatenessHypothesis UniversalGrammarandParticularGrammar CompetenceandPerformance DeepstructureandSurfaceStructure TransformationalRules PhraseStructureRules formalizationofsyntactictheory 2 Heshowedtheworldatotallynewwayoflookingatlanguageandathumannature particularlythehumanmind thusturnedlinguisticsresearchfromthestructuralanalysiswhichfocusedonthelanguageitselftointerpretingwhathappenswhenlanguageisproducedandused 3 Hisresearchmethodisnotlimitedtonaturallanguage buthasdefiniteimplicationsforpsychology philosophy controltheory computerscience discourselinguistics languageteachingandallotherfieldsofhumanknowledge Itisnotalwaysclea