跨文化交际Chapter 2 Kluchhohn27s five dimentions.ppt

Chapter3Kluchhohn sdimensions TwoAmericananthropologistsFlorenceKluckhohnandFredStrodtbeckmadeaveryimportantstudyofvalues Theystudiedthefivecommunitieswhichwerewithinfiftymilesofeachother firstin1936thenin1951 Theyidentifiedfiveorientations fivecategoriesofbeliefsandbehavioursthatareuniversal Thismeansthatallcultureshavetoworkoutsolutionstotheseissues fivedimensions 1 humannatureorientation 2 human natureorientation 3 time orientation 4 activityorientation and5 relationalorientation TheFigure Humannature Thefirst evilbutperfectible Thesecond mixtureofgoodandevil Andthethird goodbutcorruptible Shamecultureandguiltculture humannature Thefirst evilbutperfectible ThetraditionalWesternbeliefabouthumannatureisthathumansarebasicallyevil WeseethisintheBiblestoryofAdamandEve GodthrowsthemoutoftheGardenofEdenbecausetheyatethefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledge Sincethen accordingtoChristianteaching allhumanbeingshavehavebeenbornwithoriginalsin ThatmeanstheydoevilaspartoftheirnatureandcanonlybesavedfromevilbyGod Perfecthumannaturebykeepingdoinggoodthings more AsaresultoftheriseofhumanismintheWest thebasicbeliefhaschangedtooneofseeinghumansasamixtureofgoodandevil ThetraditionalviewhasalsobeenincorporatedintoWesterninstitutionsinvariousways ThedistrustofhumannaturecanbeseeninAmericanpoliticalinstitutionswiththeirchecksandbalances Thisviewalsoshowsupinmoderntheoriesthatseemtohavenothingtodowithreligiousbeliefs ThepsychologicaltheoriesofSigmundFreudincludetheideathatinfantsarecontrolledbyprimitivedesires evil andlearntocontrolthem becomegood astheirpersonalitydevelops Wefinddichotomyhere return Thethird goodbutcorruptible ThisiswhatweChinesebelieve Childrenarebelievedtobepureandinnocentbutmaybecomecorruptastheygrowolderandhavemorecontactwithsociety WeareallfamiliarwiththestoryofMencius mothermovingthreetimesinordertobeclosetoagoodneighborhood Originallygood butifnotcarefulaboutwhatpeoplesurrounding thenyoumightreallybecomecorrupted ThinkofwhatHanfeitzesaidaboutthis Shamecultureandguiltculture Hanfeitze Aphilosopherofthe legalistschool livedaboutthreecenturiesafterConfucius Hemaintainsthatweshouldnotexpectpeopletobegood butweshouldmakeitimpossibleforthemtobebad Shamecultureandguiltculture humannature Inguiltcultures thepersonisexpectedtofeelguiltyifhe shedoesoreventhinkssomethingwrong whetherornotanyoneknowsaboutit Inshamecultures thegoodisanidealeveryonehopestorealizebutmaynotbepossibletoachieveineverysituation Whatisimportantisthatyoumeetyourobligationtobeamodelofvirtueforaparticulargroupofpeopletowhomyouhavesucharesponsibility InConfucianculturespeopleareencouragedtobegoodandarelikelytofeelshamediftheyfailtoliveuptoothers expectationsthattheybevirtuous IfChinahaswhatsomeexpertscallashameculture thentheWestisdominatedbyguiltcultures Howisitrelatedwithtimeorientation pastorfuture 基督教的原罪说让人忏悔 不断地忏悔 造就了西方人灵动的心灵 人处于神与魔 灵与肉的冲突中 不能安静 人又必须超越现世 驰奔向天国 也不能安于现状 另外 既人类始祖犯了 原罪 人就不能向后退 对祖先也不可能有好感 儒家的性本善则让人 反身而诚 安于现状 安分守己 故中国人有静态的心灵 同时性本善也导致祖宗崇拜 罪感文化vs耻感文化 乐感文化 善感文化 Relationshiptonature First subjugationtonature Second harmonywithnature Third Masteryovernature Extensionofthevalue human nature tohumanrelationships First subjugationtonature Ifyouhavethistypeoforientation youbelievethatbasicallyhumanbeingsarepowerless Humanbeingsareatthemercyofnature NativeAmericansbasicallyadoptthiskindoforientation Second harmonywithnature WeChinesebelievethatmanshouldbeinharmonywithnature Examples Chinesemedicine houses proverbs etc ChinesegardensandhousesrevealChinesesocialattitudestowardstherelationshipbetweenhumansandnature Pavilions pavedpathways andotherstructuresareintegratedwithnaturalfeaturesofwater treesandrock Thereisnosharpdistinctionbetweenbeinginsideabuildingandbeingoutsideinnature yougoinsidetoenjoythebuilding IntheWest buildingstendtodominatetheirsurroundingsandinteriorsandexteriorsaredistinctspaces Natureisoutsideofhumansociety skyscrapers monuments etc lookfromafar Third Masteryovernature Inindustrializedsocieties peopletendtobelievethatnatureshouldbemadetoservemankind Youcantakewhateveryoulikefromnature Biblestory AdamandEveThisview manbeingseparatedfromnature canbeseenfromtheBiblestoryofcreation AdamisgivendominanceoverallofGod screation Adamandhishumandescendentsstandapartfromandabovenatureandaretoldtousethenaturalworldtomeethumanneeds Thisusedtobetheprevalentviewinwesternsocieties Buttodaymoreandmorepeoplecometobelievethatthisisnottherightattitude Weshouldprotecttheenvironmentinsteadofexploitingnature eg Greenorganizations Extensionofthisvaluetohumanengineering Ifyourcultureteachesintegrationwithnature harmonyandbalance then youarelikelytoseekharmonyandbalanceinsocialrelationshipsaswell Ifyouareinaweofnatureandfeelhelplessinfaceofitspower then youmightalsofeelpowerlessinotherareasofyourlife Ifyouthinkyouareseparatefromnatureandcancontrolit then youprobablythinkyouareseparatefromothersandcanusescientificmethodstocontrolpeopleandevents humanengineering ThisistrueintheWestwheretechnologyextendstothehumanworldintheformofhumanengineering Thescientificstudyofhumanmotivationandtheinventionoftechnologytocontrolitarethebasisofprofessionalpracticeinfieldssuchasadvertising psychology education sociology publicrelationsandmanagement timeorientation past orientedpresent orientedfuture orientedLineartimeandcyclicaltime past oriented Thosewhoarepast orientedtendtobelievetraditionisimportant Tothem theculturalmemoryisrichanddeep Theyliketolookbacktoaperiodwhentheirculturewasattheheightofitspowerandgloryandmayquoterespectedphilosophersandleadersfromthepastasaguideforactioninthepresent Andtheymayfeelmoresecurewhensomethingnewisdefinedassimilartosomethingthatoccurredinthepast Forinstance ifanewpolicyisintroduced itmaybegiventheauthorityofthepastbycomparingittoahistoricaleventorbysupportingitwithaquotationfromarespectedleaderofthepast Present oriented Peoplewiththisorientationenjoywhattheyhave Hispanicsarebelievedtobepeoplewhoarepresent oriented Theyshouldenjoywhatevertheyhavewhiletheylive ThisiswhatwesayinChinese 及时行乐 Future oriented Ifyoutendtolooktothefutureandmakeplansforthefuture you refuture oriented Inthoseculturesovercomingthelimitationsofthepastorsurpassingtheaccomplishmentsofthepastaregoodreasonsfordoingsomethingnew Peoplethereoftenhaveastrongbeliefinprogress Butpeoplemayhavenegativeexpectationsforthefutureandtheireffortsmaybedirectedatpreparingfororpreventingbadtimesahead Back Whateverthefutureisseenasprobablygoodorbad timeisseenasastraightlinethatleadsfromthepastandisswiftlymovingintothefuture lineartime Itmovesinonlyonedirection fromthepasttothefuture Inpresentandpast orientedsocietiespeoplearemorelikelytoexperiencetimeasacycle asrepeatingitselfaccordingtosomepattern MaybetheChineseusedtobepast oriented lookback quote Buttoday maybemoreandmoreChinesearefuture oriented Theyhavegreatplansforthefuture Stilltherearescholarswhodon tagree activityorientation Differentcultureshavedifferentactivityorientations Lookatthefollowingquestions 1 Whatdoyoudo Whoareyou 2 Whatdoesyourfatherdo being orientedbeing in becoming orienteddoing oriented being oriented Inthistypeofculture peoplearesatisfiedwithwhattheyhave andfamilybackgroundismoreimportantthanwhattheyaccomplish Theiractionsexpresswhotheyare Forthatreasonpeoplebehaveinwaysappropriatetotheirpositions status socialroles andcharacter inlife being in becoming It saspiritualgoalofinnerharmonyandpeace It ssomewhereinbetweenbeinganddoing Thestressisthedevelopmentoftheself whatevertheselfisunderstoodtobeinaparticularculture InIndiathesocialattitudeiswidelyacceptedthattherearedifferentwaysoflifeanddifferentvirtuesforpeopleatvariousstagesoflife beforemarriage certainvirtues Whenmarried worldlysuccess familyobligations Aftermiddlelife detachedfromworldlylifeandbecomemorespiritual InSouthAsia thisorientationexistssidebysidewithdoingandbeingones andtoalesserextentinothercultures doingorientation Thisactivityleadstoexternalaccomplishments Thegoalistoachieveasmuchaspossible moredynamic Itmeansyouwanttodothingsandtoachievesuccess Soyoutendtobemoreactive Becausethestressisonactionindoingculture thegoalstowardwhichactionisdirectedarealsoemphasized Andthereisoftenasenseofurgencyaboutgettingthingsdone Deadlinesareimportant asistheschedule Tohaveafullscheduleindicatesthatyouareaccomplishingthings example Doingculturepeopleoftentalkalotandmaynotbeespeciallyphysicallyactive Why Theymaytellyouwhentheyaretalking theyareplanning problem solving gatheringinformationormakingdecisions Theseareimportantconceptsforthembecausethesearethementalactivitiesthatleadtoactionoraretheequivalentofaction Martha anAmericanhighschoolstudent wenttoIndonesiaaspartofastudentexchangeprogram Shewasexcited ThefirstfewdayswerefilledwithmeetinghernewIndonesianexchangefamily tryingnewfoods walkingaroundtheneighborhood andgettingtoknowherIndonesianexchangesister Ketty Exciting Butabouthersecondweek Marthabegantofeelasifsomethingwaswrong Onemorning sheaskedKetty So whataretheplansfortoday Whatarewegoingtodo Kettyreplied Oh Ididn treallymakeanyplans Mymothermightwantustogoshoppingwithherlater Thenwe llseewhatwefeellikedoing Maybewecouldgodowntown Whattimeisyourmomgoingshopping Oh whenevershe sready Areyougettingbored Maybeweshouldsignupforoneofthoseguidedtoursofthecity Oh no Idon twanttobeatourist Iwanttodojustwhatyoudo IguessI mjustusedtobeingbusyallthetime It shardformetogetusedtonothavingplans Doesn titbotheryoutorusharoundsomuch askedKetty No IloveitwhenI mbusy Sittingaroundwastingtimemakesmenervous Let sgodosomething Ketty I monlyherefortwomonths afterall Idon twanttoleaveIndonesiafeelingthatIhaven texperiencedasmuchasIcan Marthalookeddownatherwatchagainandsaid Goodness it salmost11andallwe vedoneissitaroundtalking Socialrelationships Hierarchy authoritarianism Group collectivism Individual Hierarchy Thesocietyasawholeconsistsofaseriesofhierarchies Apersonwhoisatthetopofonehierarchymaybeatthebottomofanotherhierarchythatisaboveit Thesepeopleareawareoftheirpositions clearlydefinedprivilegesandobligations inrelationtoothers Hierarchicalsocietiesdifferfromoneanotherdependingonthecriteriausedtoassignapersonaplaceinthehierarchy somegroupsarepermanentlyonthebottomandotherspermanentlyonthetop Thecriteriamaybebasedonrace ethnicgroup orinheritancefromone sparents Group Insocietieswhererelationshipsarebasedongroups eachperson ssocialidentitycomesfromtheirgroupmemberships Peoplefeeldependentonthegroup safewithinit proud andcompetitivewithothergroups in groups yourfamily relatives friendsandout groups strangers Loyaltyisimportantingroup orientedcultures Inthispatternthegroupactoutofconcernforallitsmembersandmakedecisionsbyconsensus andmembersareloyaltothegroup Individual I