供应链物流管理第四章课件.ppt

Chapter4ProcurementandManufacturing 1 PPT学习交流 2 Outline DimensionsofProductQualityProcurementManufacturingLeanandSixSigmaLogisticalInterfacesSummary 2 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Figure2 2LogisticalIntegration 3 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Threeperformancecycleswereidentifiedthatmustbelinkedthrougheffectivelogistics ProcurementcyclelinksanorganizationwithitssuppliersThemanufacturingsupportcycleinvolvesthelogisticsofsupportingproductionThecustomeraccommodationcyclelinksafirmwithitsmarkets 4 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 review P41Theperformancecyclerepresentstheelementsofworknecessarytocompletethelogisticsrelatedtocustomeraccommodation manufacturing orprocurement 5 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality PerformanceThemostobviousaspectofquality Anitemmayactuallyhaveseveralperformancedimensions 电脑 运行速度 内存 硬盘容量 外观等Internalmemory harddiskcapacity andnumerousotherperformancefeatures 6 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality Reliability可靠性 thelikelihoodthataproductwillperformthroughoutitsexpectedlife 在产品的预期寿命内 该产品正常工作的可能性 购买后的维修次数 Durability耐用性 是产品的实际使用寿命 Itreferstotheactuallifeexpectancyofaproduct Durabilityandreliabilityaredistinctbutinterrelatedaspectsofquality 7 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality Conformance一致性 conformancereferstowhetherafirm sproductsactuallymeettheprecisedescriptionorspecificationsasdesigned 实际产品是否真正满足设计的标准和要求 废品率 返工率或缺陷率 Features功能Aesthetics美观Serviceability可维护性Perceivedquality品质认知度 8 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Totalqualitymanagement Aphilosophybyamanagerialsystem 1 topmanagementcommitmentandsupport 高层领导的承诺和支持 2 maintainingacustomerfocusinproduct service andprocessperformance 用户对产品 服务和运作过程的关注 3 integratedoperationswithinandbetweenorganizations 企业内部 企业之间的一体化运作 4 commitmenttocontinuousimprovement 对于不断改进的承诺 9 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 质量标准ISO 10 PPT学习交流 2 4 2Procurement Importanceattributedtoseveralfactors 第一 thesubstantialdollarspendforpurchasesofatypicalorganizationandthepotentialdollarsavingsfromaviableprocurementstrategy 可行的采购策略可以节约大量资金 第二 企业日益重视外包策略 Why 11 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 answer Theamountspentonprocurementhasincreasedsignificantly Firmsspinofffunctionstosupplierstofocusinternalresourcesoncorecompetencies So moremanagerialattentionmustthenbefocusedonhowtheorganizationinterfacesandeffectivelymanagesitssupplybase 12 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Procurementperspectives Theemphasishasshiftedfromadversarial transaction focusednegotiationwithsupplierstoensuringthatthefirmispositionedtoimplementitsmanufacturingandmarketingstrategieswithsupportfromitssupplybase 从供应商处取得足够的支持 13 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Procurementperspectives Continuoussupply一旦原材料或零部件出现缺货 会造成生产计划的中断 带来预期之外的损失 MinimizeinventoryinvestmentOnegoalofprocurementistomaintainsupplycontinuitywiththeminimuminventoryinvestmentpossible 在保证持续供应情况下 尽可能地降低库存投入 Thisrequiresbalancingthecostsofcarryingmaterialagainstthepossibilityofaproductionstoppage 停产 14 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Procurementperspectives Qualityimprovement提高质量Supplierdevelopment供应商的开发Itisimportanttodevelopcloserelationshipswiththosesuppliersinordertoshareinformationandresourcestoachievebetterresults Lowesttotalcostofownership所有权总成本的最小化 15 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Lowesttotalcostofownership Purchaseprice serviceprice lifecyclecostsBidding purchaseprice discounts批量折扣与库存持有成本与运输成本Forthebenefitsofquantitydiscountstobefactoredintothetotalcost thebuyermustquantifyinventoryholdingcosts Suppliertermsofsaleandcashdiscountstructuresalsoimpactthetotalcostofownership Transportationcosts表4 1所有权总成本的构成部分 16 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 所有权总成本最小化 第一 传统采购模式中 买卖双方相互对立 敌对的谈判关系 仅重视采购价格 忽视订货数量等物流成本的影响等 第二 当今采购模式重视所有权总成本最小化 体现在如下 关注卖方的购买价格和折扣 数量折扣和现金折扣 关注库存成本 订货量增大导致其上升 关注卖方的促销方式和现金折扣 立即支付折扣的优惠 17 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Tobecontinued 订单数量 不同批量的订单处理等物流成本的综合考虑 关注增值服务 比如交货方式和条件 特殊包装和组装加工 等等 需要将采购价格和增值服务价格分开来考虑 选择最小总成本 关注产品的生命周期成本 产生于接收产品之前 过程中 很久之后等 包括各种与采购有关的管理费等 18 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 2 2ProcurementStrategies Volumeconsolidation批量合并Multiplesources传统观点 多供应商最佳采购策略Lowprices Potentialsupplierswerecontinuallybiddingforabuyer sbusiness Reducethebuyer sdependence Maintainingmultiplesourcesreducesthebuyer sdependenceonanyonesupplier 19 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 and Volumeconsolidation现代观点 批量合并 增加谈判筹码 但风险会增加 故应对供应商要进行严格筛选 选择和认证Itincreasesthebuyer snegotiatingstrengthinrelationshiptothesupplier Providesanumberofadvantageforthosesuppliers Itallowsthesuppliertoimproveeconomiesofscalebyspreadingfixedcostoveralargervolumeofoutput Riskincreases Supplybasereductionprogramsarealmostalwaysaccompaniedbyrigoroussupplierscreening selection andcertificationprograms 20 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 SupplierOperationalIntegration Manydifferentforms 1 intoanother ssalesandorderinginformation 允许卖方进入自己的销售和订单信息系统 Detailedsalesinformation Costreductionoccursbecauseofreducingrelianceoncost inefficientpractices suchasforecastingandexpediting 21 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 SupplierOperationalIntegration Manydifferentforms 2 workingtogethertoidentifyprocesses Continuousreplenishment Vendor managedinventory 22 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 SupplierOperationalIntegration Manydifferentforms 3 Two waylearning 双向学习来实现降低总体成本降低的目的 23 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Whataretheobjectivesofoperationalintegration CutwasteReducecostDeveloparelationshipthatbothbuyerandsellertoachievemutualimprovements 24 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Tobecontinued Valuemanagement一种更为深入的供应商整合运作 不仅关注买卖双方的运作流程 更将目光聚焦在如何建立更加广泛和持久的合作关系上 Focusonbuyer selleroperationstoamorecomprehensiveandsustainablerelationship Figure4 2showshowearlysupplierinvolvementcanbecriticalinachievingcostreductions 25 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Figure4 2FlexibilityandCostofDesignChanges 26 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 AVATER 27 PPT学习交流 2 TheParetoeffectinprocurement Asmallpercentageofthematerials items andservicesacquiredaccountforalargepercentageofthedollarsspent 数量很少的原材料 部件和服务占用了较多的投资金额Manyfirmshavepayattentiontosegmentedpurchaserequirements 28 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 3Manufacturingperspective 公司的制造竞争力影响因素包括 Brandpower品牌影响力Volume生产规模 规模经济的含义 Varity产品的多样性 范围效益 电子产品 服装 玩具等 Constraints TOC theoryofconstraints 能力制约 生产能力 设备 建设转型等 Leadtime operationalandinteroperationaltime 提前期 29 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 manufacturingstrategies ManufacturingprocessJobshop 单件生产Batch 批量生产 小批量地切换生产不同产品 Lineflow流水线生产 生产有大量需求的一系列产品 形成品种有限的标准化产品 Continuous连续性生产 30 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Alternativemanufacturingstrategies MTP make to plan make to stock作成存货 itsstrategiesarecharacteristicofindustriesexploitingeconomyofscalegainedfromlongproductionruns MTO make to order itsstrategiesseektomanufacturetocustomerspecification 31 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Tobecontinued ATO assemble to order baseproductsandcomponentsaremanufacturedinanticipationoffuturecustomerorders however theproductsarenotfullyassembledorcustomizeduntilacustomer sorderisreceived 生产出基本产品和部件 订单到后再组装 32 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 question MTO的缺点是什么 MTOrequireslessfinishedgoodsinventorythanMTPandATOstrategies however itrequiressignificantcomponentinventoryandmayresultinhigh costcustomeraccommodation 33 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Totalcostmanufacturing 34 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 LeanSystemsSixSigma内涵是什么 35 PPT学习交流 2 4 4logisticalinterfaces WhetherthemanufacturingstrategyisMTO ATO orMTP logisticslinkssuppliersandcustomerswithmanufacturingprocesses 36 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 JITMRP 37 PPT学习交流 2 JIT JIT原理和目标JustinTime 首创于20世纪50年代日本丰田汽车公司 1972年以后被广泛应用于日本汽车和电子工业 此时被称为 丰田生产管理系统 JIT的原理 企业的物料供应 生产和销售应形成连续的同步运动过程 仅把所需的原材料运送至加工场所 立即加工成零件 依据需求有效组织生产 所需零件立即被装配成组件 而后被装配成制 38 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 成品 随即销售 整个企业的物料供应 生产和销售 既无延迟也无积压 JIT管理的优点 消除积压 加速资金周转 有效降低成本 供应 生产和销售信息快速传递和反馈 及时发现质量问题并能迅速查找原因 缩短了生产周期 提高交货能力和可靠性 从而大大增强了对市场需求波动的应变能力 JIT管理的目标 消除浪费 优化程序 提高效率 39 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 40 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 41 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Exercises1 Whydoesthecontemporaryviewofprocurementasastrategicactivitydifferfromthemoretraditionalviewof purchasing 42 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Purchasinghasbeentypicallyviewedasalow levelmanagerialactivityresponsibleforexecutingandprocessingordersforotherdepartmentsoftheorganization Itsrolewastoobtaintheresourceatthelowestpossiblepricefromthesupplier Procurementontheotherhandhasamorestrategicrolethatemphasizesonestablishingrelationshipsbetweenbuyersandsellers Theneedforprocurementaroseduetotherecognitionofsubstantialdollarvolumeofpurchasesandthepotentialdollarsavingsfromthisstrategicapproach 43 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 2 Howcanstrategicprocurementcontributetothequalityofproductsproducedbyamanufacturingorganization 44 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Thequalityofthefinalproductdependsonthequalityofpartsormaterialsthatgoesintomakingit Howeverensuringthequalityofindividualitemmaynotbethesufficient becauseithasbeenobservedthatifastandardpartisprocuredfromdifferentsuppliers itispossiblethatthefinalproductmayencounterqualityproblems Bymaintainingaqualityperspectivewiththesuppliers strategicsourcingcanmakeasubstantialimpactonthesavingcostfortheorganization 45 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 3 Explaintherationaleunderlyingvolumeconsolidation Whataretherisksassociatedwithusingasinglesupplierforanitem 46 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Volumeconsolidationisoneofthemostcommonprocurementstrategiesthatisusedbyfirms Byconsolidatingitspurchasevolumethebuyingcompanycanleverageitsshareoftheshipper sbusiness Italsogivesthebuyeragreaternegotiatingstrength Fromtheseller sperspective suchanarrangementcanoffergreatereconomiesofscalebybeingabletospreadthefixedcostsovergreatervolumeofoutput Moreover ifthelargevolumeofbusinessisassuredtothesupplier itwillbewillingtoinvestinimprovingitsprocessesandcustomerservice Manycompanieshavegeneratedalotofdollarsavingsbyadoptingthisstrategy 47 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Theremayberisksassociatedwithhavingasinglesupplierforanitem Intheeventofanydisruptioninsupply thebuyingcompanydoesnothaveanyalternative Moreoverduetolackofcompetition thesuppliermightchargehigher Thereforecompaniesshouldundertakerigorousscreeningtodeterminethestrategicsuppliersandratherthanhavingonlyonesupplierfortheitems theyshouldaimforasmallpoolofsuppliers 48 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 4 Howdoeslowesttotalcostofownershipdifferfromlowestpurchaseprice 49 PPT学习交流 2011 3 16 Purchasepriceisoneofthemajorconcernsofprocurementsofirmstypicallytrytonegotiateforthelowestprice Theyalsotrytogetquantitydiscountsandassociatedlogisticalbenefitsoutofthepurchaseprice Apartfromthestandardservices therecouldbeothervalue addedservicesthatareofferedbythesellers Forexampleasellermaydelivertruckloadsofmaterialasastandardservice howeverdeliveryofsmallerandmorefrequentshipmentswouldrepresentadifferentlevelofservicethatwouldcomeatacosttothebuyer Itisimportanttoun