Ernest-Hemingway.ppt

ErnestHemingway 1899 1961 TheliterarycharacteristicsofAmericanmodernliterature 1 Theme Ingeneralterms muchseriousliteraturewrittenfrom1914onwardsattemptedtoconveyavisionofsocialbreakdownandmoraldecayandthewriter staskwastodeveloptechniquesthatcouldrepresentabreakwiththepast Thus thedefiningformalcharacteristicsofthemodernisticworksarediscontinuityandfragmentation TheliterarycharacteristicsofAmericanmodernliterature 2 Technicalexperimentation Anawarenessoftheirrationalandtheworkingsoftheunconsciousmindarepervasiveinmuchmodernisticwriting Technically modernismwasmarkedbyapersistentexperimentalism Itrejectedthetraditionalframeworkofnarrative description andrationalexpositioninpoetryandprose infavorofastreamofconsciousnesspresentationofpersonality adependenceonthepoeticimageastheessentialvehicleofaestheticcommunication anduponmythasacharacteristicstructuralprinciple TheliterarycharacteristicsofAmericanmodernliterature Comparedwithearlierwritings modernAmericanwritingsarenotableforwhattheyomit theexplanations interpretations connections andsummaries Thereareshiftsinperspective voice andtone butthebiggestshiftisfromtheexternaltotheinternal fromthepublictotheprivate fromthechronologicaltothepsychic fromtheobjectivedescriptiontothesubjectiveprojection ModernAmericanwritersingeneralemphasizetheconcretesensoryimagesordetailsasthedirectconveyerofexperience Theystrivefordirectness compression andvividnessandaresparingofwords Modernfictionprefersuggestivenessandtendtoemploythefirstpersonnarrationorlimitthereadertothe centralconsciousness oronecharacter spointofview Thislimitationaccordedwiththemodernisticvisionthattruthdoesnotexistobjectivelybutistheproductofapersonalinteractionwithreality Asaresult theeffectofmodernAmericanwritingsissurprising unsettling andshocking Hemingway lifeandwriting Hemingwaywasamythinhisowntimeandhislifewascolorful HewasborninOakPark Illinois Hemingwaylovedsportsandoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfather whichprovidedhimwithwritingmaterials Afterhighschool heworkedasareporter DuringWorldWarIheservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918wasseverelywoundedinbothlegs Afterthewar hewenttoParisasaforeignreporter InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson StephenCraneandGertrudeSteinhebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention SherwoodAnderson GertrudeStein Hemingwaywasmarriedfourtimes HemingwayspenttimeinKeyWest Florida Spain andAfricaafter1927 Hewasawarcorrespondentfrom1936 1939duringtheSpanishCivilWar Afterthewar HemingwaymovedtoHavana Cuba andin1958movedtoIdaho In1961 Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome Hemingwaybelievedthattowritewell youshouldexperiencefirsthandthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrite HewonaPulitzerPrizein1953 forOldManandtheSea andtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954 Hismajorworks HisfirstbookInOurTime 1925 presentsaHemingwayherocalledNickAdams Exposedtoandvictimizedbyviolenceinvariousforms Nickbecomestheprototypeofthewoundedherowho withallthedignityandcouragehecouldmuster confrontssituationswhicharenotofhisownchoosingyetthreatenhisdestruction Hismajorworks TheSunAlsoRises l926 Hemingway sfirsttruenovel castslighton TheLostGeneration Theyoungexpatriatesinthisnovelareagroupofwandering amusing butaimlesspeople whoarecaughtinthewarandremovedfromthepathofordinarylife Hismajorworks Hemingway ssecondbigsuccessAFarewelltoArms 1929 wrotetheepitaphtoadecadeandtothewholegenerationinthe1920s IttellsusaboutthetragiclovestoryaboutawoundedAmericansoldierwithaBritishnurse FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenation whoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwiththeinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse Inthisnovel Hemingwaynotonlyemphasizeshisbeliefthatmanistrappedbothphysicallyandmentally butgoestosamelengthstorefutetheideaofnatureasanexpressionofeitherGod sdesignorhisbeneficenceandtosuggestthatmanisdoomedtobeentrapped Hismajorworks ForWhomtheBellTollsconcernsavolunteerAmericanguerrillaRobertJordanfightingintheSpanishCivilWar Althoughfullyawareofthedoomedfailureofhisstruggle hekeepsonstrivingbecauseitisacauseoffreedomanddemocracy Intheend themannerofhisdyingconvincespeoplethatlifeisworthlivingandtherearecausesworthdyingfor Hismajorworks TheOldManandtheSea cappinghiscareerandleadingtohisreceiptoftheNobelPrize isaboutanoldCubanfishermanSantiagoandhislosingbattlewithagiantmarlin Inatragicsense itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerablenaturalforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible Nevertheless thereisafeelingofgreatrespectforthestruggleandmankind Hismajorworks Hemingway sotherimportantworksincludeMenWithoutWomen 1927 DeathintheAfternoon l932 TheGreenHillsofAfrica 1935 TheSnowsOfKilimanjaro 1936 ToHaveandHaveNot 1937 Pointofview influencedbyexperienceinwar 1 HefeltthatWWIhadbrokenAmerica scultureandtraditions andseparatedfromitsroots Hewroteaboutmenandwomenisolatedfromtradition frightened sometimesridiculous tryingtofindtheirownway pointofview influencedbyexperienceinwar 2 Hecondemnedwaraspurposelessslaughter buttheattitudechangedwhenhetookpartinSpanishCivilWarwhenhefoundthatfascismwasacauseworthfightingfor pointofview influencedbyexperienceinwar 3 Hewroteaboutcourageandcowardiceinbattlefield Hedefinedcourageas aninstinctivemovementtowardsorawayfromthecentreofviolencewithself preservationandself respect themixedmotive Healsotalkedaboutthecouragewithwhichtofacetragediesoflifethatcanneverberemedied pointofview influencedbyexperienceinwar 4 Hemingwayisessentiallyanegativewriter Itisverydifficultforhimtosay yes Heholdsablack naturalisticviewoftheworldandseesitas allanothing and allnada SpokesmanfortheLostGeneration TheLostGenerationrefersto ingeneral thepost WWIgeneration butspecificallyagroupofexpatriatedisillusionedintellectualsandartists whoexperimentedonnewmodesofthoughtandexpressionbyrebellingagainstformeridealsandvaluesandreplacingthemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism 享乐主义 TheremarkofGertrudeStein Youareallalostgeneration addressedtoHemingway wasusedasanepigraph 题词 引语 toHemingway snovelTheSunAlsoRises whichbrilliantlydescribesthoseexpatriateswhohadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericainordertocreatenewtypesofwriting Thegenerationwas lost inthesensethattheyweredisillusionedwiththewar wreckedworldandspirituallyalienatedfromaU S thatseemedtobehopelesslyprovincial 偏狭的 materialistic andemotionalbarren ThetermembracesHemingway F ScottFitzgerald EzraPound E E Cummings andmanyotherwriterswhomadeParisthecenteroftheirliteraryactivitiesinthe1920s TheywerebasicallyexpatriateswholeftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis involvedwithotherEuropeannovelistsandpoetsintheirexperimentationonnewmodesofthoughtandexpression alsocalledexpatriatemovement orthesecondAmericanRenaissance isthemostrecognizableliterarymovementthatgaverisetothe20thcenturyAmericanliterature Disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolous greedy andheedlesswayoflifeinAmerica manyyoungmenbegantowriteandtheywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar AmongtheseyoungwriterswerethemostprominentfiguresinAmericanliterature especiallyinmodernAmericanliterature HemingwayCodeHero ItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway sworks InthegeneralsituationofHemingway snovels lifeisfulloftensionandbattles theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor courage endurance wisdom disciplineanddignityareknownas theHemingwaycodeHero Tobehavewellinthelonely losingbattlewithlifeistoshow graceunderpressure andconstitutesinitselfakindofvictory athemeclearlyestablishedinTheOldManandTheSea Thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually Obviously Hemingway slimitedfictionalworldimpliesamuchbroaderthematicpatternandseriousphilosophicalconcern HemingwayCodeHeroesplainlyembodyHemingway sownvaluesandviewoflife Hemingway sstyle Hisstyleisprobablythemostwidelyimitatedofanyinthe20thcentury Heisgenerallyknownforhis masteryoftheartofmodernnarration Hemingwayhimselfoncesaid Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone eighthofitbeingabovewater Typicalofthis iceberg analogyisHemingway sstyle Hemingway sstyle AccordingtoHemingway goodliterarywritingshouldbeabletomakereadersfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectlyandthebestwaytoproducetheeffectistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutanyauthorialcomments withoutconventionallyemotivelanguage andwithabareminimumofadjectivesandadverbs Seeminglysimpleandnatural Hemingway sstyleisactuallypolishedandtightlycontrolled buthighlysuggestiveandconnotative Hemingway sstyle WhilerenderingvividlytheoutwardphysicaleventsandsensationsHemingwayexpressesthemeaningofthestoryandconveysthecomplexemotionsofhischaracterswithaconsiderablerangeandastonishingintensityoffeeling Hemingway sstyle Besides HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharesowellpresentedthatthecharactersarefulloffleshandbloodandtheuseofshort simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness terseness 言简意赅 andgreatcare ThisruthlesseconomyinhiswritingstandsasastrikingapplicationofMiesvanderRohe sarchitecturalmaxim Lessismore NowonderHemingwaywashighlypraisedbytheNobelPrizeCommitteefor hispowerful style formingmasteryoftheartofmodernnarration asmostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle Forhispowerful style formingmasteryoftheartofmodernnarration asmostrecentlyevincedin TheOldManandtheSea Forhispowerful style formingmasteryoftheartofmodernnarration asmostrecentlyevincedin TheOldManandtheSea HemingwayisthefifthAmericantowintheliteraryhonor Theotherswereinchronologicalorder SinclairLewis EugeneO Neill PearlS BuckandWilliamFaulkner ErnestHemingwayTheNobelPrizeinLiterature1954BanquetSpeech NowriterwhoknowsthegreatwriterswhodidnotreceivethePrizecanacceptitotherthanwith 1 Thereisnoneedtolistthesewriters Everyoneheremaymakehisownlistaccordingtohisknowledgeandhis 2 ItwouldbeimpossibleformetoasktheAmbassadorofmycountrytoreadaspeechinwhichawritersaidallofthethingswhichareinhisheart Thingsmaynotbeimmediatelydiscernibleinwhatamanwrites andinthissometimesheisfortunate but 3 theyarequiteclearandbytheseandthedegreeofalchemy 炼金术 thathe 4 hewillendureorbeforgotten Writing atitsbest isalonelylife Organizationsforwriterspalliate 减轻 thewriter slonelinessbutIdoubtifthey 5 hiswriting Hegrowsinpublic 6 asheshedshislonelinessandoftenhisworkdeteriorates Forhedoeshisworkaloneandifheisagoodenoughwriterhemustface 7 orthelackofit eachday Foratruewritereachbookshouldbeanewbeginningwherehetriesagainforsomethingthatisbeyond 8 Heshouldalwaystryforsomethingthathasneverbeendoneorthatothershavetriedandfailed Thensometimes withgreatluck hewillsucceed Howsimplethewritingof 9 wouldbeifitwereonlynecessarytowriteinanotherwaywhathasbeenwellwritten Itisbecausewehavehadsuchgreatwritersinthepastthatawriterisdrivenfaroutpastwherehecango outtowherenoonecanhelphim Ihavespokentoolongforawriter Awritershouldwritewhathehastosayandnotspeakit AgainIthankyou AClean Well LightedPlace EarnestHemingway sshortstoryAClean Well LightedPlacewrittenin1933isastoryofdespairandloneliness Unlikesomanyofhisotherstorieswhenhischaractersarereflectedasheroes thisstoryisperhapswrittenonamorepersonallevelthatmightgiveussomeinsighttothemanthatHemingwayreallywas Thisstoryisaboutalonely butdignifiedoldergentlemanwhobasicallyhasinsomniaandcan tsleep Heisnotlikeothermenwhogotobodegasandbars Hedoesnotgotopartyortomeetwomen Hegoestoescapethedarkness andtohaveadrink Itisalsomentionedinthestorythathetriedtokillhimself butwassavedbyhisniece AClean Well lightedPlace Inthisstory Hemingwaycreatesaclassicoppositionbetweenlightanddarkness thelightinthecaf offersatemporaryrespitefromthedarknessoutside Bothsymbolicallyandphysically theoldmantakesrefugeindrinkingbrandyinthispleasantatmosphere Theyoungerwaiterhasnorealconceptionofthepsychologicalorspiritualdimensionofthecustomer sactivity hence allhedoesiscomplainaboutnotgettingtogohomeontime Buttheolderwaitercanrelate Hehasmorepatiencebecausehe liketheoldman hasstaredintotheGreatNada Hemingwayenablesustofocusabsolutelyonthestory smeaning thatis inaworldcharacterizedbynothingness whatpossibleactioncouldtakeplace Likewise thatnocharacterhasanameandthatthereisnocharacterizationemphasizethesterilityofthisworld Themeofthisstory Nothing ornothingness Thisisexactlywhatthestoryisabout nothingnessandthestepswetakeagainstit Whenconfrontingaworldthatismeaningless howissomeonewhohasrejectedalloftheoldvalues someonewhoisnowcompletelyalone howisthatpersonsupposedtofacethisbarrenworld Howisthatpersonabletoavoidthedarkn