Robinson-Crusoe-(罗宾逊漂流记)教程.ppt

CommentsonDefoeSelectedReadings DanielDefoe Defoe sLifeDefoe sWorks bornin1661 diedin1731sonofaLondonbutchernamedFoeat40 addedthearistocraticprefixDe ajack of all tradesaswellasawriteraradicalNonconformistinreligionajournalistandapamphleteerknewprisonlife forwritingthepamphletTheShortestWaywithDissenters Defoe sLife Verses HymntothePillory 枷刑颂 1702 Fictions RobinsonCrusoe 1719 CaptainSingleton 辛格尔顿船长 1720 DuncanCampbell 1720 MemoirsofaCavalier 1720 ColonelJack 1722 MollFlanders 摩尔 弗兰德斯 1722 JournalofthePlagueYear 大疫年纪事 1722 TheHistoryoftheDevil 1726 Defoe sWorks CommentsonDefoe AlongwithSamuelRichardson DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel beforehistimestorieswereusuallywrittenaslongpoemsordramas oftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel butwhetherornothedeservesthathonorisanopenquestion RobinsonCrusoeislargelyanadventurestoryratherthanthestudyofhumancharacter Background RobinsonCrusoewaspartlybasedontheactualdeedsofAlexanderSelkirk an18thcenturyScottishsailorwhospentalmostfiveyearsaloneonadesertisland Thisnovelisfamousforitslovelydetailsanditsexpressionofbeliefinman sabilitywhenleftaloneinnature Plotsummary Crusoesetsailontheseavoyagein1651againstthewishesofhisparents Afterthetumultuousjourney hisshipwreckedinastorm Hislustforthesearemainedsostrongthathesetouttotheseaagain ThisjourneyendsindisastertooandCrusoebecameaslave After2yearsofslavery hewasrescuedbyacaptainofPortuguese withwhosehelp CrusoebecameanownerofplantationinBrazil Yearslater hejoinedanexpeditiontobringslavesfromAfrica Buthewasshipwrecked hiscompanionsalldied savedhimselfandthreeanimals thecaptain sdogandtwocats Thenhelivedthelonelylifeinanisolatedisland Yearslater Crusoesavedaprisoner namedhimFriday CrusoethentaughthimEnglishandconvertedhimaChristianity Fouryearslater theywererescuedandreturnedtoEngland Crusoelivedonuninhabitedfor28years SavingFriday Buildingafenced ininhabitation 每个成长中的青少年 尤其是男孩子都应该读读它 卢梭 鲁滨孙漂流记 笛福 鲁滨孙漂流记 一问世即风靡全球又历久不衰 至今已出了几百版 几乎译成了世界上所有各种文字 据说除 圣经 之外 鲁滨孙漂流记 是再版最多的一本书 在欧美国家是儿童的必读书 鲁滨孙漂流记 生存问题 生存 还是毁灭 这是一个值得思考的问题 鲁滨孙及时调整悲观绝望的心态 决定在岛上顽强地生存下去 吃喝住穿是人生存所依赖的物质条件 物质问题 计算时间 获得的东西 缺乏的东西 打造木栅栏围墙 每天觅食 人没有精神寄托 灵魂就无所依附 精神问题 写日记 思考处境 得出经验教训 希望得到理解 安心于荒岛生活 在海难中 同船的11人中 死了十个 就他一个人活着 这是上帝对他的特别关照 从船上获得大量维持生活的必需品 这是上帝对他的特别恩赐 他日记本上列出的六大 好处 更体现了他要顽强活下去的理由 鲁滨孙虽身陷绝境 但他说服自己顽强的活着 并打定主意在岛上独自生活一辈子 这需要巨大的勇气 可以看出他是一个非常热爱生命 珍惜生活的人 他活着也许并非为了什么 仅仅是因为自己是一条生命 既然是生命就应该善待它 况且他活的积极 主动 活出了尊严 这样的人值得活着 鲁滨孙是一个珍惜生命 热爱生活 意志坚强 生存信念执著 勇于创造 务实肯干的人 在最不幸的处境之中 我们也可以把好处和坏处对照起来看 从而找到聊以自慰的事情 可以概括为一个人在逆境中不要悲观失望 而要努力看到积极的因素 从而改变自己被动的局面 鲁滨孙记录时间 是为了清楚地了解自己是怎么活着的 可以活多长时间 这表明了他对生存下去充满信心 记叙了他制作日历 记录时间 从船上获得物品 艰难地打造木栅栏围墙 以及每天在岛上各处寻找食物 这样写 从一个侧面体现了人类创造生活的艰难 也表现了鲁滨孙勤于创造 务实肯干的精神 日记是为了记录生活 抚慰心灵 而且要面对自我 鲁滨孙记日记的行为 表明他作为一个文明人精神方面的需要 为了使自己的精神有所寄托 减轻心中的苦闷 便于深入思考当前的处境 在荒岛上 鲁滨孙有理由相信上帝的存在 这部作品里多次提到 圣经 及鲁滨孙对上帝的祈祷 有了这个前提 鲁滨孙就有了活下去的精神支柱 活的有理由 有意义 本文没有生动的故事 作者是通过心理描写来刻画人物性格表现作品主题的 用第一人称来写 便于展现 我 的内心世界 使作品更具真实感 缩小了作品和读者之间的距离 坏处 我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上 没有重见天日的希望 我现在被剔出来 与世隔绝 困苦万状 我与人类隔绝 仿佛一个隐士 我没有衣服穿 我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段 我没有人可以说话 也没有人来解除我的愁闷 好处 但我还活着 没有想我同船的伙伴们一样 被水淹死 但我也从全体船员中被剔出来 独免一死 上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来 一定也会救我脱离这个境地 但我并未因为没有粮食 饿死在这不毛之地 但我是在一个热带气候里 即使有衣服 也穿不住 但我所流落的岛上 没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽 假使我在那里覆了舟 我又将怎样 但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近 使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西 使我终身用之不尽 坏处好处 我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上 没有重见天日的希望 我现在被剔出来 与世隔绝 困苦万状 我与人类隔绝 仿佛一个隐士 我没有衣服穿 我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段 我没有人可以说话 也没有人来解除我的愁闷 但我还活着 没有想我同船的伙伴们一样 被水淹死 但我也从全体船员中被剔出来 独免一死 上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来 一定也会救我脱离这个境地 但我并未因为没有粮食 饿死在这不毛之地 但我是在一个热带气候里 即使有衣服 也穿不住 但我所流落的岛上 没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽 假使我在那里覆了舟 我又将怎样 但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近 使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西 使我终身用之不尽 Friday FridayisloyaltoRobinson hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing kindhearted FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather wheneverandwhateveritis FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage slifeandsoul hefeelsveryhappy inthislonelyisland itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure buthefeelssuperiortoFriday heasksFridaytocallhimself master thatimplieshisambitiontodominateandcolonizeothersavagetribes excusetocolonizationbythewhite Thebookprovedsopopularthatthenameofthetwomainprotagonistshaveenteredthelanguage Theterm RobinsonCrusoe isvirtuallysynonymouswiththeword castaway andisoftenusedasametaphorforbeingrejected Idiomsfromthebook RobinsonCrusoeusuallyreferredtohisservantasMymanFriday fromwhichthetermManFridayoriginated referringtoadedicatedpersonalassistant servant orcompanion EveryonecanbeabandonedonthedesertislandlikeRobinson thetruthisevenwearenowlivingaroundinahustleandbustleoflargecrowds westillhavealotofmomenttobealone toworkourownpathoflifeallalone butluckily whatRobinsonCrusoeshowsusis solitudeisnotahorriblething thereallysadthingiswecannotstandonourownfeetinthemiseryofthatendlessloneliness Deepermeaning Heisconsideredoneofthegreatestfictionwritersof18th centuryEngland Defoewasaverygoodstory teller Hehadagiftfororganizingminute carefulandexact detailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredibleandfascinating Hissentencesaresometimesshort crispandplain andsometimeslongandrambling whileleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarration Hislanguageissmooth easy colloquialandmostlyvernacular Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage itiscommonEnglishatitsbest AdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe ThestoryofRobinsonCrusoeiswell knownthroughouttheworld IttellsofhowRobinsonCrusoe anEnglishmariner havingshipwreckedonanisland managedtostruggleforlivefor28yearsthereandrescuedablackman whomhenamedFriday fromthecannibals personwhoeatshumanflesh Later Robinsongotholdofashipandsailedhome Thebook s realistic touchandingenuity originality arousedgreatinterestfromthereadersbothinEnglandandabroad ThestorywasbasedonthelifeofAlexanderSelkirk whowasputashoreonanuninhabitatedislandandspent5yearsthere Defoewasprobablyfamiliarwithseveralversionsofthistale andaddedmanyincidentsfromhisownimaginationtohisaccountofCrusoe presentingitasatruestory ThestorystartswithRobinsonCrusoe srunningawayfromhome Aninexperiencedteenagerandayoungmanfullofbrightfanciesaboutthefuture henaturallychoosesgoingtosea becauseinthosedaysitmeantachancetoliveachivalrouslife toseethewondersoftheworldandtomakeafortune Aftermanysetbacksandadventuresonthesea hesettlesdowninBrazilasaplanter Butthecalloftheseaissostrongthathesoonembarksonanothervoyage thistime toAfrica Unfortunatelyafrightfulstormblowstheboatoffitscourseandshipwrecksitnearanisland Ofalltheship screwRobinsonaloneescapestotheshoreafterstrenuousefforts Aftersalvagingfromthewreckedshipsomestoresofnecessitiessuchasbread rice barley corn planks leadandgunpowder anaxeandtwosaws whichhelatermanagestobringtotheislandwithaself maderaft Afterseveralfutileattemptstoleavetheisland Robinsonsettleshimselfdowntoahardandlonelylife Hegrowscrops domesticatesanimalsandbuildscomfortablehomeshimself HislifetakesaturnforthebetterwhenhesavesfromthehandsofsavagesayoungNegro whomhenamesFriday RobinsonteacheshimEnglishandeducateshiminsuchawaythatFridaysoonbecomesaloyalservantandanindispensablehelptohim FinallytheyarepickedupbyanEnglishshipandreturntoEngland Thusendsthefirstpartofthestory InRobinsonCrusoe DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromana veandartless simple innocent youthintoashrewdandhardened strong minded man temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife TherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle handedlyagainstthehostilenatureformsthebestpartofthenovel Robinsonisherearealhero atypicaleighteenth centuryEnglishmiddle classman withagreatcapacityforwork inexhaustibleenergy courage patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles instrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder thepioneercolonist Asamemberofthemiddleclass Defoespokeforandtothemembersofhisclassandhisnovelsenjoyedgreatpopularityamongthelesscultivatedreaders Inmostofhisworks hegavehispraisetothehard working sturdy 不屈的 middleclass 37 LifeontheislandCharactersofRobinson Robinson scompanions Toolsandfood CrusoeVisitstheWreck TheFootprint CrusoeSavesFridayfromtheCannibals Plotoverview Background Pericopes Defoe smasterpiececonsistingofthreevolumes onlythefirstoneverypopular publishedinhundredsofeditionsandscoresoflanguagesbasedontheexperiencesofAlexanderSelkirk acaptainlivedaloneinanislandfor5yearscreatingavisualpicturethatmanifestshowhumanhistoryhasdevelopedfromtheprimitivetothefeudalandthentothecapitalisticinthe18thcentury AboutRobinsonCrusoe aglorificationofbourgeoisqualitiesofindividualism privateenterprise andevenoflaboritsdetailstoldinasimple straightforwardstyle addingtotherealisticeffectofthestorystartingthetraditionofrealisticdescriptionandpresentingauthenticdetailswhichareimportantforthelaterdevelopmentofthenovel AboutRobinsonCrusoe attheearlystage anindividuallaborer andthenamaster untilatlastanexploiter acolonizer animageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18thcenturyanembodimentofthespiritofindividualenterpriseandcolonialexpansion amanstrugglingagainstnatureandhumanfate withindomitablewill Thehero RobinsonCrusoe RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere FridayisloyaltoRobinson Hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing kindhearted FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather Wheneverandwhateveritis FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson Friday RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere AlthoughRobinsonhastestedFridaymanytimes Friday sbehaviordoesn tdisappointhim Fridayproveshisloyalty Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage slifeandsoul hefeelsveryhappy Inthislonelyisland itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure Friday sappearancemakesRobinsonnotsoconfused Hebecomespositivetolife Infact everyonelivinginnoisysocietywillhavethefeelingofloneliness Robinsonisamemberintherealsocietyandheisthemodelofourselves Fridayistheinnertrueegosinourhearts Heleadsustofindthedirectionsandhelpsustoovercomethedifficulty Friday Characteristicofthestyleandlanguage simplelanguage concisedescription andwell knitplotconstruction FeaturesofDanielDefoe snovels DanielDefoeisrememberedchiefly forhisnovels Thecentralideaofhisnovelsisthatmanisgoodandnoblebynaturebutmaysuccumbtoanevilsocialenvironment Thewriterwantstomakeitclearthatsocietyisthesourceofvariouscrimesandvices DanielDefoe sintentionisthatthereadersshouldregardhisnovelsastruestories Forthisreason hedeliberatelyavoidsallarts allfinewritings sothatthereadershouldconcentrateonlyonaseriesofplausible 似乎真实的 events DanielDefoe snovelsalltaketheformofmemoirsorpretendedhistoricalnarratives everythinginthemgivingtheimpressionofreality Man sstrugglesagainstnatureGlorificationofthebourgeoismenwhohasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtoimprovehislivelihood Glorificationoflabor Robinsonlivesonhisownhands Theme OneoftherepresentativeoftherisingbourgeoisieAnenterprisingEnglishmanAlaborer ahard workingindustriousandintelligentmanAtypicalcolonizer explorer andaforeigntrader Heisalert vigorousandresourceful TheimageofRobinsonCrusoe CharacterizationofCrusoe DefoetracesthedevelopmentofCrusoefromana veandartlessyouthintoacleverandhardenedmantemperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife Crusoeisaherowithundauntedwillandpower CrusoerepresentsatypicaloftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystagesofitsdevelopment practical religiousandmindfulofhisownprofits Crusoeiscondemnedasanimageofacolonist forhesupportsNegro slaveryandteachesthefirstword master toFriday Afriend servantofCrusoe s hespendsanumberofyearsontheislandwiththemaincharacter whosaveshimfromcannibalisticdeath FridayisbasicallyCrusoe sprotege alivingexampleofreligiousjustificationoftheslaveryrelationshipbetweenthetwomen HiseagernesstoberedoneintheEuropeanimageissupposedtoconveythatthisimageisindeedtherightone Friday Crusoe sshockingdiscoveryofasinglefootprintonthesandisoneofthemostfamousmomentsinthenovel anditsymbolizeshisconflictedfeelingsabouthumancompanionship Crusoehasearlierconfessedhowmuchhemissescompanionship yettheevidenceofamanonhisislandsendshimintoapanic Immediatelyheinterpretsthefootprintnegatively astheprintofthedevilorofanaggressor ThisinstinctivelynegativeandfearfulattitudetowardothersmakesusconsiderthepossibilitythatCrusoemaynotwanttoreturntohumansocietyafterall andthattheisolationheisexperiencingmayactuallybehisidealstate TheSymbolicmeaningofthefootprint Realisticstyle truetolife indetailsSmooth simple colloquiallanguageLongsentencesareloose shortsentencesareplain easytounderstandPresentsfactsinorder themeaningisclear Writingstyle Toreaditpolitically wemayinterpretthestoryasanartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansion Crusoe backedbyadvancedtechnology thegun conquersalesscivilizedpeoplerepresentedbyManFriday Thoughtheybecomegoodfriends Fridayhasremainedaservant ifnotaslave tohismasterCrusoesincethefirstdaytheymet comments Toreaditsocially wefindthatCrusoe sadventuresimplydifferentWesternculturalvalues Thisnovelsingsasongof thedignityoflabor asloganwhichthebourgeoisieusedtojustifytheiraccumulationofwealththoughdiligentworkandcolonialexpansion Robinsonisaself mademan Hesucceedsincreatinganewlifeallthroughhisownefforts Thenovelalsoexploresthethemeof backtonature IndustrializationbroughtEnglandmaterialwealth butitalsoendedthepeacefullifeinthecountrysideandcreatedappallingpovertyinthecity Thenovelexpressedadesiretogobacktoamoreeconomicandbasiclifestyle Thereisalsothethemeof religiousdevotion Completelyseparatedfromcivilization Crusoereflectsuponman sfrailtyandGod smercy JustasMosescameoutofthewildernesswithafullerunderstandingofthesustainingpowerofreligion Crusoefindstheneed afterbeingthrownintothewildernessoftheisland forprayerandrepentance andfindsthatinnerpeacedoesnotcomefrommaterialpossessionsbutfromcommunicationwithGod RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere Clicktoaddtitleinhere Clicktoaddtitleinhere Crusoesaveaprisoner naminghisnewcompanion Friday afterthedayoftheweekheappeared CrusoethenteacheshimEnglish Lastpart RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere FridayisextremelygratefulandbecomesRobinson sdevotedservant HelearnssomeEnglishandtakesontheChristianreligion Forsomeyearsthetwolivehappily Clicktoaddtitleinhere Part5 RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere Then anothershipofsavagesarriveswiththreeprisoners TogetherCrusoeandFridayareabletosavetwoofthem OneisaSpaniard theotherisFriday sfather Theirreunionisveryjoyous Bothhavecomefromthemainlandcloseby Clicktoaddtitleinhere Following RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere Withthehelpofhisnewworkers Crusoeincreaseshisagriculturalcapacity Afterafewmonths theyleavetobringbacktherestoftheSpaniard smen Crusoeishappythathisislandisbeingpeopled Whatwillhappennext following RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere BeforetheSpaniardandFriday sfathercanreturn aboatofEuropeanmencomesashore Therearethreeprisoners Whilemostofthemenareexploringtheisland Whatwillhappennext following RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere Crusoesavesthem Helearnsfromonethatheisthecaptainofashipwhosecrewmutinied Robinsonsayshewillhelpthemaslongastheyleavetheauthorityoftheislandinhishands andaslongastheypromisetotakeFridayandhimselftoEnglandforfree Sotheyfightwiththeirenemieswisely following RobinsonCrusoe Clicktoaddtitleinhere FridayisloyaltoRobinson Hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing kindhearted FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather Wheneverandwhateveritis FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson AlthoughRobinsonhastestedFridaymanytimes Friday sbehaviordoesn tdisappointhim Fridayproveshisloyalty Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage slifeandsoul hefeelsveryhappy Inthislonelyisland itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure Friday sappearancemakesRobinsonnotthatconfused Hebecomespositivetolife Friday Fragmentappreciation RobinsonCrusoe Ihadbeentellinghimhowthedevilwasgod senemyintheheartsofmen andusedallhismaliceandskilltodefeatthegooddesignsofprovidence andtoruinthekingdomofChristintheworld andthelike Well saysFriday butyousay godissostrong sogreat ishenotmuchstrong muchmightastheDevil Yes yes saysI Friday godisstrongerthanthedevil Godisabovethedevil andthereforewepraytoGodtotreadhimdownunderourfeet andenableustoresisthistemptationsandquenchhisfierydarts But saysheagain ifgodmuchstrong muchmightasthedevil whygodnokilltheDevil somakehimnomoredowicked RobinsonCrusoe 我又告诉他 在人们心里 魔鬼是上帝的敌人 他一贯心存恶意 使尽阴谋诡计来破坏上帝善良的计划 试图毁灭世界上的基督天国等等 于是 星期五说 你说 上帝是强大的 伟大的 他不是比魔鬼更强大 更有力吗 是的 是的 我说 星期五 上帝比魔鬼更强大 上帝高于魔鬼 因此 我们应该祈祷上帝 使我们有力量把魔鬼踩在我们的脚下 并使我们有力量抵制他的诱惑 扑灭他的火箭 可是 星期五又问 既然上帝比魔鬼更强大 更有力 为什么上帝不把魔鬼杀死 免得他再作恶事呢 RobinsonCrusoe Isaid godwillatlastpunishhimseverely heisreservedforthejudgment andistobecastintothebottomless pit todwellwitheverlastingfire 上帝最终将严惩魔鬼 魔鬼必定受到审判 并将被投入无底的深渊 经受地狱之火的熬炼 永世不得翻身 RobinsonCrusoe hereturnsuponme repeatingmyWords RESERVE ATLAST menounderstand but WhynotkilltheDevilnow notkillgreatago 他用我的话回问我 最终 必定 我不懂 但是 为什么不现在就把魔鬼杀掉 为什么不老早就把魔鬼杀掉 RobinsonCrusoe Youmayaswellaskme saidI WhyGoddoesnotkillyouandI whenwedowickedthingsherethatoffendhim Wearepreservedtorepentandbepardoned 我回答说 你这样问我 就等于问为什么上帝不把你和我杀掉 因为 我们也犯了罪 得罪了上帝 上帝留着我们 是让我们自己有机会忏悔 有机会获得赦免 RobinsonCrusoe UponthisIresolvedtodiscovermyselftothem andlearnsomethingoftheircondition ImmediatelyImarchedinthefigureasabove mymanFridayatagooddistancebehindme asformidableforhisarmsasI butno