chaptervitamine

Chapter 15 Vitamines,A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. A compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. The reasons for vitamin deficiency: (1) Shortage of resource (2) Reduced absorption (3) Increase requirements,Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions, including function as hormones, antioxidants, and mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. The largest number of vitamins function as precursors for enzyme cofactor bio-molecules (coenzymes), that help act as catalysts and substrates in metabolism.,Classification of Vitamin, by successively finding time: Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Divided by the solubility: Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins,15.1 Fat-soluble vitamins,Vitamine A1. Source animals: liver, milk, meat and egg yolk, especially rich in the cod liver oil.plants: carrot, contain only vitamin A original, such as -carotene. 2. The types of Vitamin: A 1 (a) Vitamin A2 (b),Transferation:Vitamin A retinol Retinaldehyde Rhodopsin has relationship with dark vision.Clinical purposes: for the treatment and prevention of vitamin A deficiency disease, such as corneal softening disease, dry eye, night blindness and so on.,Transferation and clinical application,Yellow oil or mixture of crystalline and oil. unstable and easily be oxidized into no-active epoxy compound and further change into aldehyde and acid. Applications: agents often be made into oil solution whereas for storage it should be put in aluminum or other suitable container filled with nitrogen, sealed and preserved in cold and dark place. Identification: add chloroform solution of antimony trichloride in chloroform solution of sample give significant blue, then change into purple gradually.,Properties of vitamione A,Vitamine D,Source of vitamine D(1) Animals: cod liver oil, liver, egg yolk and milk. (2) Plants and yeast: containing ergot alcohol, transfer to vitamin D2 by ultraviolet radiation. (3) Human skin: containing 7 - dehydro cholesterol, transfer to vitamin D3 by ultraviolet radiation. All the Vitamin D are derivatives of sterol, there are at least 10 vitamine D were discovered currently,the most important of which is vitamin D2 and vitamin D3.,Function and clinical usage:Vitamine D是一类抗佝偻病维生素的总称。Vitamine D2 and D3经过在肝脏和肾脏内两次羟化，代谢成生物活性较强的1，25-二羟基维生素D2和D3，具有促进肠内钙磷的吸收，帮助骨骼钙化的作用。Can promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus so that help bone calcification. Clinical used for the treatment and prevention of rickets.,Vitamine D2,Properties and usage: colorless needle crystal or white crystalline powder unstable and easily be oxidized(due to mutiple double bonds in the molecular) Storage: filled with nitrogen, sealed and preserved in cold and shade place. identify: antimony trichloride reaction (a common steroid compounds reaction): mixture of the chloroform solution of antimony trichloride and sample, produce a significant blue, then purple gradually.,Vitamine E,Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related -, -, -, and -tocopherols and the corresponding four tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. Source of vitamine E: Particularly high levels of vitamin E can be found in the following foods, Avocado,nuts such as almonds or hazelnuts, red palm oil, seeds, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils such as canola, corn, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, olive oil and rice, wheat germ, wholegrain foods, milk and asparagus.,Function and clinical application of vitamine E: Function: anti-infertility and anti-aging。 Clinical application： Commonly used for the treatment of infertility, habitual abortion; also can be used for cardiovascular diseases. Because of the strong reduction, vitamine often be used as antioxidant agents in the oil solution.,Vitamine E,Vitamine K,source: Plants: spinach, Chinese cabbage, radish, cabbage. Animals: meat, liver, eggs. Vitamin K is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, swiss chard, and Brassica (e.g. cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts); some fruits such as avocado and kiwifruit are also high in Vitamin K. By way of reference, two tablespoons of parsley contain 153% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin K.,Chemical structure:All members of the vitamin K group of vitamins share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure, and vary in the aliphatic side chain attached at the 3-position. Phylloquinone (also known as vitamin K1) invariably contains in its side chain four isoprenoid residues, one of which is unsaturated.Menaquinones (also known as vitamin K2) have side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid.维生素K1K7七种,其中K1K4均属于2-甲基-1，4-萘醌类，K5K7均属于萘胺类。,Vitamine K3, White crystal or crystalline powder unstable and easily decompose,水溶液与甲萘醌、亚硫酸氢钠间存在动态平衡。遇酸、碱或空气中氧时，亚硫酸氢钠分解，平衡破坏，产生甲萘醌沉淀。光和热加速上述变化。,Identification:水溶液遇氢氧化钠溶液析出黄色甲萘醌沉淀；遇稀盐酸析出甲萘醌沉淀，并放出二氧化硫气体。Preparation : 注射液常pH调至25，加入焦亚硫酸钠，并且通入惰性气体。Storage: sealed and preserved in the dry and shading place.,15.2 water-soluable vitamines,Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin B and vitamin C.,Vitamine B1,Physicochemical properties of vitamine B1:White crystal or crystalline powder.Aqueous solution is acidic.Instable, under alkaline condition, the thiazole ring easily be oxidized to thiol to lose tha activity. Has the properties of tertiary amine,Injection：注射剂不能与碱性药物如磺胺类钠盐、氨茶碱、碳酸氢钠注射液配伍使用。Storage： sealed, preserved in shading place.Identification:溶于氢氧化钠溶液中，生成硫醇化合物，继续被铁氰化钾氧化成硫色素，产物溶于正丁醇中，显蓝色荧光，加酸呈酸性，荧光即消失，再加碱，荧光又复显。该反应称为硫色素反应。,Application of vitamine B1:For the treatment and prevention of disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin B1, such as beriberi. For the treatment of neuritis and also for the adjuvant treatment of many diseases.,Vitamine B2,Properties and application of vitamine B2:Orange yellow crystalline powder, its aqueous solution presentes yellow-green fluorescence, the strongest fluorescence in the pH of 6.0 7.0. However, by adding acid or alkali, fluorescence disappeared immediately.With the properties of acid and alkaline:酰亚胺结构显酸性，易溶于氢氧化钠稀溶液；N5位的叔胺结构显碱性，溶于稀酸中。Unstable and is prone to produce photochemical reactionStorge：preserved in shading place and sealed。With oxidization and reductionIdentification:能被强氧化剂如铬酸和高锰酸钾所氧化而破坏；如遇还原剂如连二亚硫酸钠或维生素C等，又可被还原为无荧光的二氢核黄素并从水