Unit-3--William-Shakespeare.ppt

Unitthree WilliamShakespeare 1564 1616 Alltheworld sastage 全世界是个舞台Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers 男男女女只是演员而已 Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances 他们都有其退场和登场 Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts 人生在世扮演着多种角色 Hisactsbeingsevenages 他的表演有七个时期 WilliamShakespeare AsYouLikeIt 皆大欢喜 Act2 Scene7 Hewasnotofanage butforalltime 他不属于一个时代 而是属于永远 BenJohnson 1 LifeStory Fromthreesources weknowShakespeare slife thechurchandlegalrecords thefolktraditions andthecommentsofhiscontemporaries 同龄人 ShakespearewasborninStratford on Avon 埃文河畔斯特拉特福 in1564 Hisfatherwasawell to dotrader Hegoteducationinalocalgrammarschoolforafewyears Therehepickedupthe smallLatinandlessGreek WhenShakespearewasaboutfourteenyearsold hisfatherlosthislittlepropertyandfellintodebt youngWilliamhadtoleaveschooltohelpsupporthisfamily Hisoccupation 职业 wasprobablyacountryschoolmasteroralawyer sclerk In1582ShakespearemarriedAnneHathaway thedaughterofapeasantfamily whowaseightyearsolderthanherhusband Afewyearslater ShakespearewenttoLondon wherehefirstdidsomeoddjobs Itwassaidthathekepthorsesfortheaudienceoutsidetheplayhouses Thenhebecameanactorandawriter Heworkedveryhard andwroteforthetheatreattherateoftwoplaysayear In1612heretiredfromthestageandreturnedtohishometown whereheboughtaconsiderableestateandliveduntilhisdeathonApril23 1616 whichwashis52ndbirthday JohnShakespeare shouse believedtobeShakespeare sbirthplace inStratford on Avon Shakespeare sgrave 2 Shakespeare sDramaticCareer Shakespeare scompleteworksinclude38plays 2narrativepoemsand154sonnets 十四行诗 Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomedies 喜剧 andhistories 历史剧 thenwrotemainlytragedies 悲剧 Inhislastphase hewrotetragicomedies 悲喜剧 alsoknownasromances 传奇剧 andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights Shakespeare sdramaticcareerlastedabout22yearsfrom1590to1612 Astothedivisionofthiscareer therearedifferencesofopinions partlyduetotheuncertaintyofthedateandoccasiononwhichtheplayswerewritten However acarefulreadingoftheplaysandpoemsleavesusanimpressionoffourdifferentperiodsofwork probablycorrespondingwiththegrowthandexperienceofthepoet slife Someprefertomakeitthreeperiodsbycombiningthefirsttwoperiodsintoone ThefollowingisalistofShakespeare splaysinfourperiods TheFirstPeriod 1590 1594 periodofapprenticeship 学徒身份 apprenticeshipandexperimentation theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbyimitation 模仿 ofexistingplays bythespiritofyouthfulnessandrichimagination byexaggerated 夸张的 languageandbythefrequent 频繁的 useofrhymedcouplets HenryVI PartI 亨利六世 1590 HenryVI PartII 1590 HenryVI PartIII 1591 RichardIII 里查三世 1592 TheComedyofErrors 错中错喜剧 1592 TitusAndronicus 泰特斯 安特洛尼克斯 1593 TheTamingoftheShrew 训悍记 1593 TheTwoGentlemenfromVerona 维洛那二绅士 1594 Love sLabourLost 爱的徒劳 1594 TheSecondPeriod 1595 1600 Matureperiodof greatcomedies 喜剧 andhistoricalplays 历史剧 rapidgrowthanddevelopment theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbymorecarefulandartisticwork betterplot andamarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumannature RomeoandJuliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶 1595 Richard 里查二世 1595 AMid SummerNight sDream 仲夏夜之梦 1595 KingJohn 约翰王 1596 TheMerchantofVenice 威尼斯商人 1596 HenryIV PartI 亨利四世 1597 HenryIV Part11 1597 MuchAdoaboutNothing 无事生非 1598 HenryV 亨利五世 1598 TheMerryWivesofWindsor 温莎的风流娘们 1598 JuliusCaesar 裘力斯 凯撒 1599 AsYouLikeIt 皆大欢喜 1599 TwelfthNight 第十二夜 1600 TheThirdPeriod 1601 1609 Flourishingperiodofgreattragedies 悲剧 anddarkcomedies gloomanddepression theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbytragicideas Hamlet 哈姆雷特 1601 TroilusandCressida 特洛埃围城记 1602 All sWellThatEndsWell 终成眷属 1602 MeasureforMeasure 一报还一报 1604 Othello 奥赛罗 1604 KingLear 李尔王 1605 Macbeth 麦克白 1605 AntonyandCleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉 1606 Coriolamus 科利奥兰纳斯 1607 TimonofAthens 雅典的泰门 1607 Pericles 泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯 1608 TheFourthPeriod 1609 1612 PeriodofRomanticdramaintheformoftragicomedies 悲喜剧 calmafterstormCymbeline 辛白林 1609 TheWinter sTale 冬天的故事 1610 TheTempest 暴风雨 1612 HenryVIII 1612 亨利八世 unfinished Representativeworks Historicalplay 历史剧 HenryIVRichardIIIHenryV Comedy 喜剧 Mid summerNight sDreamTheMerchantofVeniceAsYouLikeItTwelfthNight Tragedy 悲剧 HamletOthelloKingLearMacbethOtherFamousPlays RomeoandJulietJuliusCaesarAntonyandCleopatraTheTempest TwoNarrativePoems 1 VenusandAdonis 维纳斯和阿多尼斯 anarrativepoemprintedin1593 wasShakespeare sfirstpublishedwork Venus Aphrodite thegoddessofbeautyandlove isinlovewiththebeautifulyouthAdonis Shedetains 留住 himfromthechasethroughwoodsandmakeseffortstowinhislove Shebegshimtomeetheronthemorrow butheisthentohunttheboar 野猪 andfleesfromher Whenthemorningcomes shehearshishoundsatbayand goingtolookforhim findshimkilledbytheboar Venus strikenwithgrief changeshisbloodintotheanemone orwind flower 2 TheRapeofLucrece 露易丝受辱记 anothernarrativepoemisa graverlabor andthesubjecttragic Lucrece aRomanladyofoutstandingvirtueandbeauty wasthewifeofCollatine ButSextus thesonofTarguin KingofRome triedtoseduce 引诱 her andwhensheresisted committedrapeuponher Shetoldherfatherandhusbandoftheoutrage 暴行 andexactedanoathofvengeance 复仇 fromthem afterwhichshekilledherself Inconsequence arelativeofherhusbandledarebellionagainsttheTarguinmonarchyandexpelledthemfromthecity 3 HisComedies 喜剧 Shakespearewrotehiscomediesinhisearlyperiod Inplaysheportrayedtheyoungpeoplewhohadjustfreedthefromthefeudalfetters 封建束缚 Hesangoftheiryouth theirloveandofhappiness TheheroesandheroinesweresonsanddaughtersofRenaissance TheytrustnotinGodorKingbutinthemselves UsuallytherearetwogroupsofcharactersinShakespeare scomedies Thefirstgroupiscomposedofcharactersofyoungandyoungwomen Theyliveintheworldofyouthanddreamslaughter andfightfortheirhappiness Thesecondgroupconsistsimpleandshrewdclowns 小丑 andothercommonpeople Thesecharactersmaketheplayfullofhumorandlaughter ThesuccessofShakespeare scomediesowesmuchtotheappearanceofclowns Withoutthemtheplayswouldbecomedullandhumorless 3 HisComedies 喜剧 Shakespeareputwomencharactersataprominent 突出的 placeincomedies Heshowedgreatrespectforthedignity honesty wit courage determinationandresourcefulness 足智多谋 ofwomen Theyoungheroines 女主角 inShakespeare scomediesareindependentincharacterandveryfrank Theyarenolongercontrolledbytheirparentsorhusbands Theyareofanewtype Theyarewitty bold loving laughingandfaithful Theyarehappyandmakeothershappy Theycarrytheirdestiniesintheirownhands Inspeaking thinkingandfeelingtheyareequalsorevensuperiors 优秀的 ofmen Shakespeare scomediesareimbuedwith 充满 bourgeois 资产阶级 ideasandshowprogressive 进步的 significance Shakespeareproduced16comediesaltogether Hismaincomediesare TheMerchantofVenice AMidsummerNight sDream AsYouLikeIt TheTwelfthNight 1 TheMerchantofVenice 威尼斯商人 ThestoryofMerchantofVeniceisofItalianorigin Therearefourcharactersinit TheyareShylock amoney lender Antonio aChristianmerchant Bassanio ayoungmanwhoisthedearfriendofAntonio Portia abeautifulgirlwhoistheheroine ThestorytellsusthatShylock themoney lenderofJew hasamassedanimmensefortunebylendingmoneyatgreatinteresttoChristianmerchants Thereforeheismuchdislikedbyallgoodmen andparticularlybyAntonio ayoungmerchantofVenice Bassanio thedearfriendofAntonio wantstocourt 追求 Portia Heneedssomemoney SohegoestoaskhisfriendAntonioforhelp Antoniohasnomoneytolendhim HetakeshimtoseeShylock hopingthemoney lendercouldlendthemsomemoney Shylock whousuallyhatesAntonioverymuch nowpretendstobekindtothemandpromisestolendhimthreethousandducats ButShylockasksAntoniotosignabond whichsaysthatifAntoniocannotrepaythemoneybyacertainday apoundoffleshwillbecutofffromanypartofhisbody Inordertohelphisfriend Antonioacceptssuchacondition WiththemoneyBassaniogoestocourtPortia whoacceptshimtobeherhusband Whenthedaytopaythedebtcomes Antoniocan tpaythemoney forhisshipsinwhichhehasinvestedallhismoneydonotreturnontime Sohestandsindanger TheJewdemandsthepoundofflesh andthecaseisbroughttothecourt AtthecriticalmomentayoungdoctoroflawarrivesatVenice Thecaseistriedbeforehim andtheJewisjustifiedofhisbond ThelearnedyoungdoctorappealstotheJewformercyinamovingspeech butinvain ThenthedoctorwarnstheJew underpainofdeath thathemustfulfilltheveryletterofhisbond takingnomoreandnolessthanonepoundofflesh andspillingnodropofblood Seeinghimself thuscornered theJewhasnochoicebuttoobeytheverdict 裁决 ofthecourt ThelearneddoctorisnootherthanPortiaindisguise 乔装 Theplayendsinalovelymoonlightscene inwhichPortiarevealsheridentity 身份 tothepleasantsurpriseofherhusbandBassanio 2 AsYouLikeIt 皆大欢喜 AsYouLikeItisanotherimportantcomedywrittenbyShakespeare Itembraces 包含 almostalloftheimportantcharacteristicsofcomedy Therearetwomaincharactersinthisplay OrlandoandRosalind Thestorycentersontheloveaffairbetweenthem ThesceneislaidinoneoftheprovincesinFrance Thedukethatplacehasbeendrivenoutofhisthronebyhisbrother andliveinbanishment 流放 Theusurper 篡位者 nowbecomesthenewkingofthekingdom ThebanisheddukehasadaughtercalledRosalind whohasnotgonewithherfatherbutstilllivesinthecourt forshecannottearherselfawayfromhercousinbecausetheyhavebeenintimate 亲密的 friendsincetheirinfancy 幼年 Onedaythereisawrestling 摔跤 matchinthecourt Thetwogirlsgotowatchit Theking swrestlerisaverystrongman Hisrival 对手 aslimyoungmancalledOrlandobuthewinsthematch WhenRosalindandOrlandomeet theyfallinlovewitheachotheratfirstsight Orlandohaslosthisparents Heliveswithhiselderbrother whotreatshimverycruellyandwhowantstoputhimtodeath ThecruelbrotherdecidestosetfireonOrlando schamberatnighttogetrideofhim TheevilplanistoldtoOrlandobyakindoldservant whohelpshimrunaway ThenOrlandogoestolookforthebanishedduke Rosalindisdrivenoutofthepalacebyheruncle Theyoungloversmeetintheforest Aftertheyfindtheoldduke theyarehappilymarried 4 HisTragedies 悲剧 Shakespeare sgreattragediesareassociatedwithaperiodofsorrowinhislife Duringthisperiod Englandwitnessedagreatunrest 动荡局面 socialcontradictions 矛盾 becameverysharp 尖锐 Whatwriter spersonalsadnessisunknowntous Itisgenerallyattributedto 归因于 thepoliticalmisfortuneofhisfriendandpatron 保护人 Earl 伯爵 ofEssex whowaskilledbytheQueen Shakespearewrote11tragedies Hismaintragediesare Hamlet Othello KingLear andMacbeth Alloftheseplaysexpressadissatisfactionwithlife Theyshowthestruggleandconflictsgoodandevilofthetime betweenjusticeandinjustice Inhisplays thewriterShakespearecondemnsthedarkandevilsociety 5 HistoricalPlays 历史剧 Shakespeare shistoricalplaysarepoliticalplays Theprincipalideaoftheseplaysisthenecessityfornationalunity 国家统一 underonesovereign 君主 Athistime thisideawasanti feudalinnature anditsummedupthegeneralopinionoftherisingbourgeoisieinShakespeare sownday Shakespeare shistoricalplaysreflectthehistoricaleventsoftwocenturiesfromRichardII 1377 99 toHenryVIII 1509 47 Theyshowthehorrorsofcivilwar thenecessityfornationalunity theresponsibilitiesofefficientruler andtheimportanceoflegitimate 合法 succession 继位 tothethrone 王座 Likethemajorityofhumanistsofhistime ShakespearebelievedwiseandhumaneKingwhowouldlivetoservehiscountry Butinthehistoricalplays Shakespeare streatmentofrealEnglishkingsisextremelycritical RichardIIiscondemnedforhisvanity politicalblindnessandinabilitytosubduethefeudallords RichardIIIisrepresentedasakingstrong willedandvicious 恶毒的 whocametopowerthroughaseriesofhorriblecrimesandturnedhiscountryintoadungeon 监牢 5 Histories 历史剧 AndHenryIV thoughglorifiedforhissuppressionoftherebellionoffeudallords iscriticizedforhisparticipationinthemurderofRichardIIandhistreacherous 背叛的 arrestoftherebelsafterthetruce 停战 InShakespeare shistoricalplaysthereisonlyoneidealkingisonlyoneHenryV thoughhisrealprototypedifferslittlefromtheotherkings Nevertheless forEnglishpatriots 爱国者 ofthattimehisnamewasassociatedwiththemilitaryvictoriesofEnglandintheHundredYear sWarandbecameasymbolofEnglishgloryintheeyesofthewell to docitizensofEngland AmongShakespeare s10historicalplays HenryIVandHenryVaretworemarkableplays HenryVisthecontinuationofHenryIV Thetwoplaysdealwiththeeventsofthe15thcenturyandgivethepictureofatroubledreign 6 FeaturesofShakespeare sDramaticWorks 1 Shakespeareisarealist HeisoneofthefoundersofrealisminEnglishliterature Hisplaysaremirrorsofhisage reflectingthemajorcontraditions 矛盾 ofthattime Hedescribedthedecaying 衰落 ofthefeudalsociety 封建社会 andtherisingofthebourgeois 资产阶级 spirit Hiscomediesreflectlifeof theyoungmenandwomenwhojustfreedthemselvesfromtheflettersoffeudalism 封建束缚 andwhowerestrivingforindividualemancipation 解放 Hiscomedieslayemphasisonemancipationofwomen whichplayedaveryimportantroleinanti feudalism Inhisplays Shakespearealsoclearlyreflectedthecontradictionsbetweentherichandthepoor Heshowedhissympathytothepoorpeopleanddisclosedthegreedandcrueltyoftheupperclass Inhisplays Shakespearealsorevealedtheemergenceoftheearlycolonization 殖民化 andracial 种族 problemarisingwithcapitalism Hefullyreflectedtheomnipotent 无所不能的 powerofmoneyintheageofgrowingcapitalism Hewasfar sightedintomoney capitalistaccumulation 资本积累 anditseffect 6 FeaturesofShakespeare sDramaticWorks 2 Shakespeare sdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation 改编 HeborrowedhisplotswidelyfromGreeklegendsandRomanhistory fromItalianstoriesandEnglishchronicles 编年史 andfromromancesbyhisEnglishcontemporaries 同辈人 Sometimesherewroteoldplaysbycertaininferior 差的 authors Buttheresultsofalltheselaborsbecomeoriginal 独创的 compositions ThestoriesofShakespeare splaysoftentookplaceinothercountriesorinthepastinsteadofinEnglandorinhisownage Thecharactersareclothedinforeigndresses yettheirthoughtandfeelingsandtheirattitudetowardslifebelongtotheageofShakespeare Infact hischaractersarerepresentativesofthepeopleofhistime 6 FeaturesofShakespeare sDramaticWorks 3 Shakespeare slongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamaster handforplay writing Shakespeare sdramaticformfitsthecontentofhisplaysverywell Hisplaysarenotcontrolledbytherulesoftheclassicalunitiesoftime placeandaction 古典戏剧的三一律 Theactionmovesfromplacetoplace Aplaycoversseveraldaysoryears Sometimes asingleplaymaycontainmorethanonetheme 主题 andthemainplotexistssidebysidewiththesub plot 次情节 orsub plots Inordertoreproducethemanifold 多方面的 imagesoflife Shakespeareusedpeculiarcombinationinhisdrama combinationofmajestic 庄严 andfunny ofpoetic 诗歌的 andprosaic 散文的 oftragicandcomic 6 FeaturesofShakespeare sDramaticWorks 4 Shakespeareisalsoagreatpoet Hewasskilledinmanypoeticforms Hecouldwritesongs lyrics 抒情诗 sonnets 十四行诗 couplets quatrains andblankverse Blankverse 无韵诗 istheprincipalformofhisdramas EachofShakespeare splaysconsistsofthreeparts dialoguesorsoliloguys 独白 inprose dialoguesorsoliloguysinblankverse songs dirges 挽歌 madrigals 情歌 etc 6 FeaturesofShakespeare sDramaticWorks 5 ShakespearewasagreatmasterofEnglishlanguage Thelanguageofeachofhischaractersfitshispositioninsocietyandrevealsthepeculiarities 独特性 ofhischaracter HecommandedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriter Itisestimatedthathehadacommandofabout16 000words ManyofhisquotationsandphraseshavebeenabsorbedintotheEnglishlanguage Helovedtoplaywithwords ortomakepuns 双关 withthem Sometimeswefindit sverydifficulttounderstandhim Shakespearealsocreatedalotofnewwordsandexpressions thusenrichingEnglishlanguage e g Brevityisthesoulofwit Morematter withlessart tobeornottobe ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBible 钦定版圣经 1611 arethetwogreattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage Shakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledged 公认的 tobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover 7 Shakespeare sInfluence Shakespearehasbeengiventhehighestpraisebyvariousscholarsandcriticsallovertheworld sometimesasthegreatestEnglishorEuropeandramatistandpoet sometimesevenasthegreatestplaywrightorpoetinthewholeworld Inwesternliterature twopoetsonly Homer 荷马 andDante 但丁 havebeennamedwithhim buteachofthemwrotewithinnarrowlimits whileShakespeare sgeniusincludesalltheworldofnatureandofman Inaword heistheuniversalpoet Shakespeare splayshavebeensowidelyreadandsocarefullystudiedthatallEnglishwritersofanyimportancecannotescapefromShakespeare sinfluence eitherdirectlyorindirectly eitherinthought content orinpoeticformorlanguage Moreover hehasbeenknownallovertheworldandhisworkshavebeentranslatedintomanydifferentlanguagesandconsequentlyexertedgreatinfluencesuponmanywritersinmanycountries 8 Shakespeare sInfluence Asagreatartist Shakespearewasmorethanthesupremerepresentativeofagreatera BenJonson sfamousobservationthat hewasnotofanage butforalltime hasstoodthetestofmorethanthreecenturies Ifheappealedinhisowntimetobothnoblemen 贵族 andgroundling 地位低的人 inhisowncountry hestillhassomethingtosaytoeveryoneinthewholeworld Ifonesalientfeatureofhisdramaticachievementstandsoutaboveallothers itishisuniversality Greattragedies 2 Othello 奥赛罗 ThestoryofOthellotookplaceinVeniceandCyprus Thehero Othelloisasplendid 杰出的 general 将军 InVenicehefallsinlovewithasenator s 参议员 daughtercalledDesdemona Inspiteofthesenator sobjection theygetmarried ThenOthelloandhisbeautifulyoungwifegotoCyprus InthearmythereisaverybadmancalledIago whoenviesOthello sfameandhappiness Hewantstowreck 破坏 Othello shappylife Thenhethinksoutanevilplan OnedayhetellsOthellothathiswifehasbetrayedhimandfalleninlovewithanothermanwhosenameisCassio Inordertoprovewhathesaidistrue hestealsahandkerchief 手帕 fromthelady schamberandsecretlyputsitintoCassio shands ThusOthello ssuspicion 怀疑 isaroused Hebecomessosuspiciousthatonenighthestrangles 勒死 hiswife Afterthatthetruthcomestolight Othellobecomesveryremorseful andhekillshimselfatlast InthisplayIagoismadetostandfortheevilanddarkforcesinthesociety Heiscondemned andheisthemostpowerfuldrawnfigure ExceptforIago theothercharactersarealldrawnonsimplelines 3 KingLear 李尔王 ThestoryofKingLearwastakenfromHolinshed sChronicles 编年史 KingLear oneoftheBritishkings wantstodividehiskingdomintothreepartsandbestows 授予 eachdaughterapart Withthisintentioninmind hecallshisthreedaughtersbeforehiminordertoknowwhichofloveshimbest Hiseldestdaughtertellshimthatsheloveshimmorethanwordsdressand thatheisdearertoherthanthelightofhereyes Theoldkingfeelsveryhappytohearthesesweetwords Thenheturnstohisseconddaughter Shesaysthatshehasfoundalltheotherjoysdeadincomparisonwiththepleasurewhichshetakesintheherdearkingandfather Thekingisverygladtohearthesehoneyedwordstoo Nowheaskshisfavoritedaughter theyoungestone tocomebeforehim thinkingshewouldmakehimhappywithmorelovingwords Buttheoldkingfeelsdisappointedbecausehisyoungestdaughterdislikesthosesweetwordstoflatter 奉