Unit-the-damned-human-race.ppt

Unit9TheDamnedHumanRaceByMarkTwain LearningObjectives UnderstandtherealpurposeoftheauthorReflectontheso called humannature AppreciateMarkTwain swritingstyleGrammar 1 knowhowtocontrastandclarify2 identifythedifferencebetweenobjectcomplementandposponedattributive3 beabletouse at and but invariousways4 beabletouse V sb sth outof and V sb sth of phrases W B T R Warmingup Warm upActivity Brainstorming 1 What syourtranslationofthetitle page231 exercise4 question5 2 Atthefirstsightofthetitle whatdoyouthinkthisarticleisabout Whatturnsouttobe Throughtheanalysisofvarioustraitsanddispositionshumanbeingsascontrastedtothe higheranimals theauthorfindsthatmenhavedescendedanddegenerated thesisstatement 3 WhatmakesMarkTwainchoosethistopicandwritethisway Warm upActivity WhatdoyouknowaboutMarkTwain Canyounamesomebookshewrote page226 question1 Note1 Backgroundoftheessay 1 Bothasahumoristandasanessayistofseriousideas MarkTwainisanhonestandthoroughcriticwhoalwaysbringsafreshperspectivetothingswhicharealltoooftentakenforgranted 2 Tohaveabetterunderstandingofthisessay itisperhapsnecessarytogobacktothe1890s aperiodwhichwasdarkandgloomforMarkTwain 1 Theauthor spersonaltragedya bankruptcycausedbyunwiseinvestmentb deathofhisfavoritedaughterc deathofhisbelovedwife whohadbeenhisfirstreaderandchiefcensorforthe34yearsoftheirmarriedlife Withherdeath writingforhimwasessentiallyover Hebecamemoreandmorebiterandsavagelysatirical 2 socialbackgroundcut throatcompetition sweatshops robberbarons andlaborriots corruptionandunethicalbusinesspractices spreadofthejunglelawandracialconflictsandimperialistwars Background Backgroundoftheessay 血汗工厂 强盗式贵族 资本家 丛林法则 弱肉强食 ToMarkTwain whohadalwaysbeenconcernedwiththeproblemofhumanconscience thesethingsrevealedtheterribledeficienciesofthehumanrace Toremedythisdeplorablesituation hebegantousehispenasasharplancetopiercetheboilsofhumanpomposity p m p s t vanity snobbery pretense Backgroundoftheessay Questions 1 Doyouthinkthathehaslosthopeforthehumanraceandhasbecomecompletelycynical 2 What shispurposeofwritingthisarticle Itiswrongtothinkthathehaslosthopeforthehumanraceandhasbecomecompletelycynical forbehindallthebitternessisawarmandhumaneheart MarkTwaindoesnotreallybelievethathumanbeingsareincurablycruel greedyandwicked Otherwisehewouldnothavebotheredtowritethoseessays Hewritesaboutuglyhumantraitsanddispositionspreciselybecausehethinkshumanbeingsarecapableofmendingtheirwaysiftheycanopentheireyestotheirownweaknessesandunderstandtheconditionsthatgiverisetothemandnurturethem Inotherwords hispolicyistofrighteninordertoenlighten Purposeoftheessay Structureofthetext Thethesisstatement theresearchmethod Para3 9 Introductiontothescientificexperimentandtheanalysisrelatedtovarioustraitsanddispositionsofhumanbeingsascontrastedtothe higheranimals Para10 17 Arguingwithpeoplewhobelieveinman ssuperiority Part1 para 1 2 Part2 para 3 17 Part4 para 18 Restatementofthethesis Manhasdescendedanddegenerated Structureofthetext para3 Man scruelty para4 para5 8 para9 para1 11 para12 para13 15 para16 17 Man sgreed para5 takerevengepara 6 keepharempara7 loosenesspara8 indecency vulgarity obscenity Man scruelty Man sinclinationforwar Man senslavingandbeingenslaved para13 theonlypatriotpara14 religiousanimalpara15 reasoninganimal Man sinabilitytolivetogetherpeacefully immorality hypocrisy Role play Workinpairsandexchangeyourviewsononeofthefollowingquestions 1 HowdoyoufeelaboutTwain sview Doyoufindthemamusing Ridiculous Shocking Orthought provoking 2 DoyouagreewithTwainthathumanbeingsarecruelwhereastigers wolves andanacondasarenot 3 DoyouagreewithTwainthathumanbeingsareavariciousorgreedywhileotheranimalsarenot 4 Whycan tweidentifythenicepeople entrustallthemoneyandpowertothemandletthemruletherestofthepeopleforever 1 Ihavebeenstudyingthetraitsanddispositionsofthe loweranimals andcontrastingthemwiththetraitsanddispositionsofman Ifindtheresulthumiliatingtome Para 1 Question Whyisloweranimalsputinquotationmark Readthesentenceandpayattentiontothetoneanddiction Noticethetongue in cheekway amusingtone 戏谑 theauthorexpresseshisideas Hemakesitsoundasifhewereconductingandreportingontheresultofascientificinvestigation Inotherwords heisdeliberatelyusingapompous 夸大的 styletoachievehumor DetailedReading partI DetailedReading partI 2 trait characteristic feature quality property peculiarity attribute characterquality 最普通用词 既可指有形或无形的特性 又可指个性或共性的特征 property 多指同类事物所共有的特性 一般不用于指人 feature 指事物突出引人注目的特点 多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征 characteristic 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征 peculiarity 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点 常带感情色彩 trait 多指人的性格 心情的特征 尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征 attribute 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性 可指典型事物 character 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征 3 ForitobligesmetorenouncemyallegiancetotheDarwiniantheoryoftheAscentofManfromtheLowerAnimalsandtonameittheDescentofManfromtheHigherAnimals para1 obligesbtodosth toforcesbtodosth obligesb helpsb beobligedtosb begratefulIwouldbeobligedifyouwould could Iwouldappreciateitif toabandonorgiveup torejectordisownmyloyalty firmbelief esp toanationoracause Darwiniantheory In1817 CharlesDarwinpublishedtheDescentofManwhichgaveevidencetoshowthatmanwasderivedfromanimalsthat ifalivetoday wouldbeclassifiedasapes 4 assume presume suppose guess postulate conjecture这些动词均含为 假设 猜想 推测 之意 assume 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理 presume 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实 suppose 常用词 意义较广泛 指缺乏确切事实 根据一些现象进行的推测 也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定 有时仅表示自己的意见 guess 常用词 指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测 postulate 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设 conjecture 基于不完整的证据 因此是不确定的 可能是模糊的 甚至是无效的 DetailedReading partI Discussion IsMarkTwainseriouswhenhesaysthathehasdonemanymonthsofpainstakingandfatiguingworkintheLondonZoologicalGarden WhateffectdoyouthinkMarkTwainhopestoachievewiththismockseriousness DetailedReading partI LondonZoologicalGardens LondonZoo SetintheheartofLondon smajesticRegent sPark 摄政公园 LondonZooboastsnotonlyavastarrayofamazinganimals butalsobeautifulgardens fineart astoundingarchitectureandtheastonishingexhibition LondonZoowastheWorld sfirstscientificzoo Openedin1828 ithousedacollectionofexotic 外来的 animalsthatwerestudiedbyeminentscientistsoftheday Onlylaterin1847didtheZooopenitsdoorstothepublicand fromthenon becamethemostfamouszoointheWorld Maniscruelerthananimal I theanacondas somehunters onourGreatPlains inLondonZoo anEnglishearl organizedabuffalohunt caused7youngcalvestobeturnedintothecage toentertainandprovidesomefreshmeatforhistable todeterminethedifferencebetweenananacondaandanearl Killed72 atepartofoneofthemtheleftthe71torot crushedoneofthemandswallowedit thenlaybacksatisfied Theearliscruelanddestroyswhathehasnousefor Theearlwasdescendedfromtheanacondaandhadlostagooddealinthetransition lambchickcub k b foal colt male ko lt kidkittenducklingpigletgosling g zl puppy DetailedReading partII BuffaloChasewithBowsandLances 长矛 HorsemenpursuebuffaloontheGreatPlainsinBuffaloChasewithBowsandLances 长矛 Huntersfirstisolatedabuffalobyridingbetweenitandtherestoftheherd then ridingatfullspeedalongsidetheanimal theyshotitwithabowandarroworalance Later firearmswereused Anaconda 水蟒 Anaconda commonnameforlargeSouthAmericansnakes Anacondasareamongthelargestandmostpowerfulsnakesintheworld Alargeadultmaybe6mlongandweigh107kg Anacondaskilltheirpreybyconstriction compression 压缩 orsqueezing 挤压 ThecommonanacondainhabitstheriversystemsofnorthernandAmazonianSouthAmericaeastoftheAndes ndi z 安第斯山脉 5 Manisavoriciousandmiserly theyarenot greedy extremelyfondofaccumulatingwealth 6 Iwasawarethatmanymenwhohaveaccumulatedmoremillionsofmoneythantheycaneverusehaveshownarabidhungerformore andhavenotscrupledtocheattheignorantandthehelplessoutoftheirpoorsavingsinordertopartiallyappeasetheappetite para4 arabidhungerforsth rabidisrelatedtorabieswhichisafataldiseaseofdogs狂犬病 havenotscrupledtodosth theignorantandthehelpless tohavenothesitatedtodosthbecauseofembarrassmentfrommoralconsiderations theuneducatedandthepowerlesspeople DetailedReading partII 7 amongtheanimalsmanistheonlyonethatharborsinsultsandinjuries broodsoverthem waitstillachanceoffers thentakesrevenge Thepassionofrevengeisunknowntothehigheranimals Para 5 revenge tothinkaboutsth foralongtimebecauseitmakesyouangryorworried parallelism sequenceofaction emphasizethesarcastictone Q Doyouthinkthatanimalsalsotakerevenge DetailedReading partII 8 Catsarelooseintheirmorals butnotconsciouslyso Man inhisdescentfromthecat hasbroughtthecat sloosenesswithhimbuthadlefttheunconsciousnessbehind thesavinggracewhichexcusesthecat Catsareimmoral buttheydonotknowit Theyjustcan thelpit Manhasinheritedcats looseness butnottheirinnocence whichiswhatexcusesthecatforitslowmorals tobelooseinmorals immoralthesavinggrace theredeemingquality thequalitythatmakesupforthegenerallynegativecharacteristics soaliveareheandhismatestoindecentsuggestion heandotherfellowsaresoawareofindecentsuggestions bealiveto tobeconciousorawareofindecentsuggestion dirtyhint esprelatedtosex DetailedReading partII 9 No ManistheAnimalthatBlushes Heistheonlyonethatdoesit orhasoccasionto No manisnottheonlyanimalthatlaughs butitistruethatmanistheanimalthatblushes Heistheonlyanimalthatdoesitorhastheneedto tohaveoccasiontodosth tohavetheneedornecessitytodosthNoticethatMarkTwainissayingherethatonlymanneedstoblushbecauseheconsciouslydoesbad immoralthings 10 orweshouldfindoutthatthepriorwassubjectedtounprintablemutilations besubjectedto bemadetoexperienceorgothroughsub belowject throw subject tobring putsth underproject pro forth inject in in eject e out deject de down disappoint subject N V Adj tobesubjecttosth sb tobeinflencedby dominatedby DetailedReading partII 11 Man whenheisKingJohn withanephewtorenderuntroublesome heusesared hotiron para9 InthecaseofKingJohnwhowantedtogetridofhisnephewheusedared hotirontotorturehim torendersbuntroublesome tocausesbtobecomeuntroublesome topreventsbfrommakingtroubleforhim KingJohn sthronehadbeenstolenfromhisnephew Thereforehethoughthisnephewposedathreattohim DetailedReading partII DoyouagreewithTwain sideathatwhenthecatplayswiththemouse shedoesnotknowthefrightenedmouseissuffering 12 Thecatismoderate unhumanlymoderate shedoesn tdigoutitseyes ordrivesplintersunderitsnails man fashion whensheisdoneplayingwithit shemakesasuddenmealofitandputsitoutofitstrouble unhumanlymoderate reasonable notsoviolent notsoexcessiveorextreme unlikehumanbeings Unhumanlyisnottobemixedupwithinhuman merciless Itisactuallyawordcoinedbythewriter man fashion likeman asmandoestobedongdoingsth tofinishdoingsthtomakeamealof toeatituptoputsboutofhistrouble toendsb strouble DetailedReading partII 13 Heistheonlyanimalthatgathershisbrethrenabouthimandgoesforthincoldbloodandwithcalmpulsetoexterminatehiskind para10 Note Theideaisthatpremeditatedmurderismuchmoreseriousthanwhendeathiscausedbysb whohaslosthistemper 14 kill murder slaughter massacre assassinate executekill 普通用词 泛指以任何方式使人 动物或植物死亡 murder 指谋杀或凶杀 slaughter 大批宰杀动物 也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人 massacre 语气比slaughter强 指大屠杀 尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人 如NanjingMassacreassassinate 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物execute 指依法处死罪犯 DetailedReading partII TheHessians TheHessians 黑森雇佣兵 weretheGermanmercenaries m s n ri Soldierswhowillfightanybodyforwagesarecallmercenaries servingwiththeBritishduringtheAmericanRevolution TheGermansconstitutedaboutonethirdoftheKing stroopinAmerica Forthesemercenaries BritainpaidtheGermanrulersatotalof1 77millionpounds 18 ManistheonlySlave Andheistheonlyanimalwhoenslaves Hehasalwaysbeenaslaveinoneformoranother andhasalwaysheldotherslavesinbondageunderhiminonewayoranother Para12 MarkTwainisreferringtotheideathatinthehistoryofhumancivilization oursocietyhasalwaysbeenbasedonsomekindofexploitationofmanbyman Nooneisfree Everyoneisaslaveofoneformoranotherandatthesametimeenslavedthoseunderhim toholdsbinbondage tokeepsbinthestateofbeingaslave DetailedReading partII 19 Hesetshimselfapartinhisowncountry underhisownflag andsneersattheothernations keepsmultitudinousuniformedassassinsonhandatheavyexpensetograbslicesofotherpeople scountries Para13 tomakeoneselffeelthatheisdifferentfromandbetterthanotherpeople murderersinuniform Twain scontemptuoustermforarmysoldiers Q WhatwasTwainblamingfor Ispatriotismabadfeature WhydidTwaincriticizethis Hewasbitterlyagainstcolonialistandimperialistwarsofhistime whichwereusuallyfoughtunderpatrioticslogans Thismadehimextremelycontemptuousaboutpatriotism DetailedReading partII andinintervalsbetweencampaignshewashesthebloodoffhishandsand worksfor theuniversalbrotherhoodofman withhismouth 13 Q whathumanfeaturehasbeenrevealedbythedescription Andwhentheyarenotfightingeachother theywillstarttalkingaboutpeaceanduniversalbrotherhood butwithoutanysincerity Man accordingtoMarkTwain isnotonlycruelandwarlike butalsohypocritical Topaylipservice tomakeemptypromiseto DetailedReading partII 5 Manistheonlyreligiousanimal Whatshouldareligiouspersondo Toemphasizethespiritualandmorallife WhydidTwainlaughatmen sbeliefsinreligion Thedifferentreligionsintheworldhaveresultedinendlessreligioussuppressions persecutionsandwars Whatdidmendo 5 Manistheonlyreligiousanimal Heistheonlyanimalthatloveshisneighborashimself andcutshisthroatifhistheologyisn tstraight 14 Normalandcorrect Hehasmadeagraveyardoftheglobeintryinghishonestbesttosmoothhisbrother spathtohappinessandheaven 14 Tomakeiteasyforsb todosth Intryingtomakeiteasyforhisbrothertofindhappinessandgotoheaven hehasturnedtheworldintoagraveyard hehascausedthedeathofmillionsaroundtheworldinconvertingthemtohisreligion HewasatitinthetimeoftheCaesar s hewasatitinMohammed stime hewasatitinthetimeoftheinquisition hewasatitinFranceacoupleofcenturies hewasatitinEnglandinMary sday hehadbeenatiteversincehefirstsawthelight para14 tobeatsth tobeengagedinacertainactivityQ Whatdoes he and it refertorespectively JuliusCaesar wasaRomanmilitaryandpoliticalleader HeplayedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheRomanRepublicintotheRomanEmpire InthetimesofCaesars theearlyChristianswerecruellypersecutedbytheRomans InMohammed s 穆罕默德 time theMoslemswerecruellypersecuted InMary sday theProtestantswerepersecuted MaryTudor commonlyknownasBloodyMary QueenofEngland DaughterofHenryVIIIandhalfsistertoElizabethI whosucceededher ShealienatedhersubjectsbymarryingKingPhilipofSpain re establishingtheRomanCatholicChurch revivingthechurchcourtsandthelawsagainstheresy andiniti