foregrounding 前景化.ppt

Foregrounding 前景化 Definitionsandconcepts Foregroundisatermusuallyusedinart havingoppositemeaningtobackground It saverygeneralprincipleofartisticcommunicationthataworkofartinsomewaydeviatesfromnormswhichwehavelearnt Anyonewhowishestoinvestigatethesignificanceandvalueofaworkofartmustconcentrateontheelementofinterestandsurprise ratherthanontheautomaticpattern Suchdeviationsfromlinguisticorothersociallyacceptednormsarelabeledforegrounding Leech 1968 57 Instylistics ForegroundinginstylisticsisatermborrowedfromthePragueSchoolofLinguistics whichisusedbyLeechandShort 1981 48 toreferto artisticallymotivateddeviation ForegroundinghasitsoriginwiththeCzechtheoristJanMukarovsk itisMukarovsk soriginalterm aktualisace wasrenderedinEnglishbyhisfirsttranslator Mukarovsk 1932 1964 Itreferstotherangeofstylisticeffectsthatoccurinliterature whetheratthephoneticlevel e g alliteration rhyme thegrammaticallevel e g inversion ellipsis orthesemanticlevel e g metaphor irony Theimmediateeffectofforegroundingistomakestrange ostranenie陌生化 toachievedefamiliarization Shklovskysawdefamiliarizationasaccompaniedbyfeeling henoted moreprecisely thatstylisticdevicesinliterarytexts emphasizetheemotionaleffectofanexpression Shklovsky 1917 1965 p 9 And Mukarovsk concurs Whenusedpoetically wordsandgroupsofwordsevokeagreaterrichnessofimagesandfeelingsthaniftheyweretooccurinacommunicativeutterance 1977 p 73 Examples 1 Sillitoe stextNowyou dthink andI dthink andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink thatwe ddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone thatwiththebaker sshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived andwithnotasoulhavingseenus andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatweweren tmorethanfiveminutesintheplace thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus Butthen you dbewrong I dbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus a Therecursionofclauses mainlythroughco ordination withsimilaroruniformitystructure Nowyou dthink andI dthink andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink thatwe ddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone thatwiththebaker sshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived andwithnotasoulhavingseenus andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatweweren tmorethanfiveminutesintheplace thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus Butthen you dbewrong I dbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus b Thedistributionofclausesingroupsofthrees producingastrikingpatternofparallelismsandsymmetricalstructure c Thethirdfactorislexicalrepetitionintheco ordinatedunits theeffectproducedbytherecursiononthesyntacticlevelcanbesaidtobereinforcedbytherepetitionofthelexicalitems 7 Overregularity Definition therepetitionofcertainlinguisticunitsofatextandinparallelism wheresomefeaturesvarywhileothersarekeptconstant Namely itincludesrepetitionandparallelism Repetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatext suchasword phraseorevenasentence whichincludesimmediaterepetitionandintermittentrepetition 8 Immediaterepetition therepeatedunitimmediatelyfollowtheinitialunit Forexample Donotgogentlyintothatgoodnight Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday Rage rage againstthedyingoflight Notes Rageisrepeatedseveraltimesinthispoem thusgreatemphasisisattachedontheitem andalsoonthewholethemeofthepoem oneshouldstruggleviolentlyagainstdeath 9 Example2 Gold Gold Gold Gold Brightandyellow hardandcold Molten graven hammer dandroll d Heavytogetandlighttohold Gold isrepeatedfourtimesandreinforcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterandexcalmationmark Itimplicatespoet sgreatintensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold 10 B Intermittentrepetition Definition therepeatedpartsareseparatedbywords phrasesorsentences O howthatnamebefitsmycomposition OldGauntindeed andgauntinbeingold Herethespeakerispunningonhisownname Therepetitionherevividlycapturestheemotionalstateofspeaker hisutterdespairofhisoldageandhishealthcondition 11 2Parallelism Definition Aparallelismusessimilarstructuresinseparatesentencestoexpressrelatedideasandwithwhichthesentenceisemphaticandforceful Inparallelstructureitisnecessarytobalancewordforword phraseforphrase clauseforclauseandsentenceforsentence Type large scaleandsmall scaleparallelism 12 A Large scaleparallelism Definition thekindwhichconsistsofmorethantwojuxtaposedunits MyheartleapsupwhenIbeholdArainbowinthesky Sowasitwhenmylifebegan SowasitnowIamaman SobeitwhenIshallgrowold Orletmedie ThechildisfatheroftheMan AndIcouldwishmydaystobeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety Wordsworth 13 Explain Inthispoem thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast presentandfuture Thethemeisbroughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3 4and5 Firstly thesamenessofstructureimpliesthesamenessinmeaning Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremainsthesamethroughoutthelife Secondlyandmoreimportantly theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit reachingitsclimaxinthefinalparallelunit 14 B Thesmall sca