英国文化概况之一英国政府.ppt

TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom Chapter2TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom Thecontents AnIntroductiontotheSystemofGovernmentII AnIntroductiontothesystemofGovernmentoftheUK AnIntroductiontotheSystemofGovernment 1 Whatis government 2 Classificationofgovernments continues 1 Whatis government Government politicalorganizationcomprisingtheindividualsandinstitutionsauthorizedtoformulatepublicpoliciesandconductaffairsofstate continues 2 Classificationofgovernments Monarchicgovernments RepublicangovernmentsDemocraticgovernments DictatorshipsFederalgovernments Unitarygovernments Monarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichonepersonhasthehereditaryrighttoruleasheadofstateduringhisorherlifetime Republicangovernmentisaformofstatebasedontheconceptthatsovereigntyresidesinthepeople Democraticgovernmentisoneinwhichthesupremeauthorityisexercisedbyrepresentativeselectedbypopularsuffrage Dictatorship anautocratic独裁的formofgovernmentinwhichthegovernmentisruledbyanindividual thedictator withouthereditaryascension登位 Federalismisanationalorinternationalpoliticalsysteminwhichtwolevelsofgovernmentcontrolthesameterritoryandcitizens Unitarysystems withlawsgivingvirtuallyallauthoritytothecentralgovernment II AnIntroductiontothesystemofGovernmentoftheUK 1 TheSystemofGovernmentintheUK 2 BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment3 TheCentralGovernmentoftheUK 1 TheSystemofGovernmentintheUK Systemofthegovernment thecentralgovernment thecountygovernment thelocalgovernment continues 1 ItisamonarchicgovernmentwiththeQueenastheheadofthestate constitutionalmonarchy 2 Itisademocraticgovernmentwithelectedrepresentativesinitsparliament ParliamentaryDemocracy 3 Itisaunitarygovernmentwithastrongcentralgovernment 2 BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment BasicStructureofGovernmentinChina 3 TheCentralGovernmentoftheUK TheEnglishCentralGovernmentincludes 1 TheMonarch 2 TheParliament 3 TheCabinet Thecentralgovernment TheMonarch TheParliament TheCabinet Thesymbolofthecountry KingorQueen HouseofLords LordChancellor HouseofCommons Speaker Themonarch PrimeMinisterandsomeimportantministers 1 TheMonarch QueenElizabethIIRealname ElizabethAlexandraMaryWindsorBirth 21April1926inLondonChildren 3sons 1daughter TheCrown THECrownJewelsofEnglandarehistoricallyand indeed intrinsically ofavalueimpossibletocompute Greatorsmall ancientornew theyarethehallmarksoftheBritishSovereigntyandoftheformerBritishEmpire sglory TheRoleoftheMonarch BeforetheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution 1 Hepersonallyexercisedsupremeexecutive legislativeandjudicialpower 2 HemanipulatedtheelectionoftheArchbishop 3 Hecouldgrantlandsandwealthtohisfavorites 4 Hecouldappointhisfollowerstoimportantpositions 5 Heconferrednobletitles 6 Hecouldhaveanyonearrested putintoprisonortodeath WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave Superficially sheis 1 officialheadofstate2 headofthelegalsystemofBritain3 headofthejudiciary3 commander in chiefofthearmedforces4 headoftheChurchofEngland continues SheappointsthePrimeMinister ministers andimportantofficialsandofficers Shepresidesthegreatstatefunctions Shegivesmanyimportanthonorsandawards Sheconcludestreatiesanddeclareswar Sheremitsallorpartofthesentencepassedonacriminalbygrantinga royalpardon赦免令 AlesswellknownroleoftheQueen whichisneverthelessveryimportanttoBritishpolitics isthatofaconfidantetothePrimeMinister Herlongexperienceandherpoliticallyneutralitymakeheragoodsourceofinformedobservationonthedaytodayproblemsofgovernance Succession A Sons oldertoyounger anddescendants B DaughtersanddescendantsC Brothersanddescendants TheMonarch sConsort Qualifications A fromanoblefamilyB withtheconsentofParliamentC notaRomanCatholic 戴安娜 DianaSpencer 王妃 HerFather EarlHermother sfather Baron continues TheKing swife QueenConsortTheQueen sHusband 1 PrinceConsort 2 theDukeofEdinburgh 3 thePrinceoftheUnitedKingdomTheeldestson thePrinceofWales CharlesandDiana Coronation Coronation isaceremonyofcrowningakingoraqueen A Time anintervalafterthedeathoftheoldkingB Place WestminsterAbbeyC Formality grandandpompousD Conductor theArchbishopofCanterburyE Participants VIPsinBritainandforeignguests WestminsterAbbey themostfamouschurchinGreatBritain Expenditure 475 000 5 000 000 5 180 000 Buttheroyalpalaces thecrownjewelsandroyalcollectionsoftreasuresarestatepropertyandmustbehandeddowntosuccessors ThepoorbehaviorofQueen schildrenPrinceCharles extramaritalaffairsandseparationwithhiswife Andrew jet settinglifestylesandseparationwithhiswife PrincessAnn divorcingherhusbandandmarryingaformerroyalassistant 1992 horribleyear thegivingupofherprivileges herexemptionfromincometax 1 Tostartpayingtaxes2 Toacceptlesspublicmoneytosupportherfamily3 ToopenBuckinghamPalacetotouristsinthesummermonths Residence BuckinghamPalaceinWestminsteristheofficialLondonresidenceoftheBritishsovereign BuckinghamPalaceservesasboththeofficeandLondonresidenceofHerMajestyTheQueen aswellastheadministrativeheadquartersoftheRoyalHousehold ItisnowoneofthefewworkingroyalPalacesremainingintheworldtoday BuckinghamPalace sGrandStaircase BuckinghamPalace theStateDiningRoom PublicOpinionstowardstheMonarch Fora thelivingsymbolofnationalunityb demonstratingstabilityandcontinuityc embodyingthedevelopmentofEnglishhistory Againsta Tooexpensiveb Outofdatec Nondemocraticd Ceremonial 2 TheParliament 1 thesupremelegislature立法oftheUK2 consistingofthemonarch theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons3 lawmakingbody4 functioninginthemakingoflaws thecontrolofthepublicrevenue税收 andtheexaminationofgovernmentpolicyandpublicadministration Parliament TheQueen TheHouseofLords TheHouseofCommons Theword parliament comesfromtheverb toparley thatistodiscussortalk Thetermwasfirstusedofficiallyin1236todescribethegatheringoffeudalbaronsandrepresentativesfromcountiesandtownswhichthekingoccasionallysummonedifhewantedtoraisemoney Parliament aplaceforargumentanddebate Beforethe13thcentury King sCouncil Inthe14thcentury LordsandCommons Beforethe17thcentury ruledbytheKing In1688 BillofRights shiftingofthepowerfromthemonarchtoparliament TheHousesofParliament builtinthe1840 s arefamousfortheirBigBenclocktower HouseofLords HouseofLords LordsSpiritual LordsTemporal seniorbishopsoftheChurchofEngland lifepeersandhereditarypeers continues EnglishNobility Fivetitlesofnobility Duke in1337 Marques in1385 Earl in1440 Viscount in1440 Baron 1006 continues TheLordsactsasarevisingchamberforlegislationanditsworkcomplementsthebusinessoftheCommons MembersoftheHouseofLordsaremostlyappointedbytheQueen andalimitednumberofChurchofEnglandarchbishopsandbishopssitintheHouse ThechairmanoftheLordsiscalledLordChancellor HouseofLords TheHouseofLordsChamberwasdesignedbyCharlesBarryandAugustusPuginafterthefireof1834 Theornateroomisdecoratedinredandgold AteachendoftheChamber therearethreefrescos壁画representingReligion JusticeandChivalry ThelayoutconsistsofredbenchesonthreesidesoftheChamber withatableinthemiddleandtheThroneandWoolsack上院议长席atthesouthernend TheChamberiswheretheLordsconductmuchoftheirdailybusiness HouseofLords 750Memberswerenotelected The1999Actreducedthenumberto92 503MembersarecalledlifepeersappointedbytheQueen ThepresidentoftheHouseofLordsiscalled LordChancellor whowasonceKing srighthandman HouseofCommons TheHouseofCommonsconsistsof659MembersofParliament MPs whoareelectedbythepeopletobetheirrepresentatives EachMPrepresentsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency ThechairmanoftheLowerHouseisofficiallycalledSpeaker ThemaximumlifeofaParliamentisfiveyears MembersofParliamentholdtheirseatsonlyforthelifetimeofaParliament TheHouse sits inWestminsterfromMondaystoFridays usuallyfromabout2 30pmuntil10 30pm andoftencontinuesthroughthenightwhenimportantdebatesaregoingon Thestepsforabillbecomingalaw AnnouncingtotheHousebyamember Amendmentsanddebates Voteforthesecondreading Improvementofwordingbyaspecialgroup PassageofthethirdreadingintheHouse TheapprovalbytheHouseofLords TheMonarch ssignature ThegovernmentandtheParliament TheGovernmentproposeslaw It smadeupoftheCabinet ParliamentismadeupofallMPsandtheyjustvoteonwhethertomaketheproposalsintolawParliament legislatureGovernment executive 3 TheCabinet ThePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetThePrimeMinisterTheCabinetTheCabinetandtheParliament ThePrimeMinisteroftheUKisthepoliticalleaderoftheUnitedKingdomandtheHeadofHisorHerMajesty sGovernment ThePrimeMinisterandCabinet consistingofallthemostseniorgovernmentdepartmentheads arecollectivelyaccountablefortheirpoliciesandactionstotheSovereign toParliament ofwhichtheyaremembers totheirpoliticalparty andultimatelytheelectorate ThePrimeMinisterandtheCabinet ThePrimeMinister Theleaderofthepartyinpower GordonBrown JamesGordonBrownMP born20February1951 isaBritishLabourpoliticianandthePrimeMinisterofUK BrownassumedofficeinJune2007 aftertheresignationofTonyBlairandthreedaysafterbecomingleaderofthegoverningLabourParty Beforethis heservedasChancelloroftheExchequerintheLabourgovernmentfrom1997to2007underBlair GordonBrownandhiswifeSarahonthestepsof10DowningStreet Officialresidence No 10DowningStreet TheCabinet ThesupremedecisionmakingbodyingovernmentIncludingtheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentsandsomeotherimportantpersonswithoutdepartmentsCabinetministers theMinisterofDefense theForeignSecretary andtheChancelloro