研究生英语阅读教程Unit.ppt

UnitFourteen 2020 3 26 2 Contents IntroductionText A analysisSomecommentsonwritingText B analysisFurtherreadingExercises 2020 3 26 3 Introduction WrittenbyBruceAlberts editor in ChiefofScience TextAgivessomeadvicetotheyoungwhowishtobecomescientistsinthefuture TextBexplainswhatmakesascientificpaperandthepopularformat 2020 3 26 4 Textanalysis TextAOnBecomingaScientist 2020 3 26 5 BruceAlberts presidentemeritus 荣誉主席 oftheU S NationalAcademyofSciencesandchairoftheNationalResearchCouncil 1993 2005 hasbeennamedbytheBoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience AAAS toserveaseditor in chiefofitsjournalSciencebeginning1March2008 2020 3 26 6 TextStructure PartI para 1 4 Itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely PartII para 5 7 Besidestechnicalskills itiscriticaltobeabletodesignresearchstrategies 2020 3 26 7 Answerthequestions 1 WhathastheauthorlearnedatHarvard para1 2 Howcanapersonthinkandfunctionasascientist para1 3 WhatisthefirstpieceofadvicethatAlbertgivestoprospectscientistsinhelpingthemselecttheirmentors para2 2020 3 26 8 Answerthequestions 4 AccordingtoAlbert whatarethecriteriaforagoodadvisor para3 4 5 Howimportantisitforscientistbeabletodesignresearchstrategies para6 2020 3 26 9 Languagepoints Para11 apprenticeshipserveone s withsb 做某人学徒serveoutone s 学徒期满 出师2 mentor awiseandtrustedcounselororteacher贤明和忠实的顾问或良师 导师 指导者 2020 3 26 10 Para2notnearly 绝不 相差甚远 远非ethicalstandard 道德规范consultaboutthematter商议此事consultwithcounsel与法律顾问商议consultforalargebuildingfirm为大型建筑公司做咨询工作 2020 3 26 11 Para4empowersb todosth 授权某人做某事innovate v tr tobeginorintroduce somethingnew fororasifforthefirsttime革新 第一次或好象第一次开始或介绍 新东西 v intr tobeginorintroducesomethingnew创新 开始或介绍新东西 2020 3 26 12 Writing Becausesomuchofone sscientificfutureisshapedbyearlyexperiences itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely Butwhatconstitutesa good choiceisnotalwaysobvious Pleasewriteanessayof300wordsonhowtochooseyourmentor supervisorforgraduatestudents 2020 3 26 13 TextBWhatIsaScientificPaper 2020 3 26 14 Questionsforcomprehension 1 HowdoestheCouncilofBiologyEditors CBE defineprimaryliterature 2 Whatkindofprocessispeer review 3 Whyhasthewriterbelaboredonthedefinitionofscientificpaper 4 Intermsoforganization whatisthemostpopularorderofascientificpaper 5 DoesIMRADformatapplytoeachresearchfield Whyorwhynot 6 Whatshouldbethemainconcernsofscientistsandeditorsinreportingdata 2020 3 26 15 NO 1 AccordingtotheCBE anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingthesufficientinformationtoenablepeers 1 toassessobservations 2 torepeatexperiments and 3 toevaluateintellectualprocesses moreover itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception essentiallypermanent availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices 2020 3 26 16 NO 2 Peer reviewreferstotheprocessthroughwhicharesearchpaperiscriticallyevaluatedpriortopublication byscientistswithin depthknowledgeoftheauthors areaofresearchorinvestigation toensurethattheworkunderreviewisaccurate reliable well written andworthyofpublication theprocessisgenerallyguidedbyaneditorwhomakesthefinaldecision 2020 3 26 17 NO 3 1 Hediditfortworeasons First togetridtheconfusion Thecommunityofsciencehaslongbeenunableorunwillingtodefineprimarypublication Asaresult muchoftheliteratureisburiedinmeetingabstracts obscureconferencereports governmentpublications orinbooksorjournalsofminusculecirculation Otherpapers inthesameorslightlyalteredform arepublishedtwiceormoreoften occasionally thisistheresultofpoorethicsonthepartoftheauthor butmoreoftenitisthelackofdefinitionastowhichconferencereports books andcompilationsare orshouldbe primarypublicationsandwhicharenotredundancyandconfusionresult 2020 3 26 18 NO 3 2 Second tohelpgraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist Ascientificpaperis bydefinition aparticularkindofdocumentcontainingcertainspecifiedkindsofinformation Ascientificpaper demandsexactlythesamequalitiesofthoughtasareneededfortherestofscience logic clarity andprecision Ifthegraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist andevensomeofthosescientistswhohavealreadypublishedmanypapers canfullygraspthesignificanceofthisdefinition thewritingtaskshouldbeagooddealeasier 2020 3 26 19 NO 4 IMRAD anacronymforIntroduction MaterialsandMethods Results andDiscussion isthemostpopularpatternforscientificpaper 2020 3 26 20 NO 5 Generallyspeaking IMRADisthebestchoiceforscientificpapersreportinglaboratorystudies Thereare ofcourse exceptions Forexample reportsoffieldstudiesintheearthsciencesandclinicalcasereportsinthemedicalsciencesdonotreadilylendthemselvestothiskindoforganization Ifanumberofmethodswereusedtoachievedirectlyrelatedresults itmightbedesirabletocombinetheMaterialsandMethodsandtheResultsintoanintegrated Experimental section Inaddition manyprimaryjournalspublish Notes or ShortCommunications inwhichtheIMRADorganizationisabridged 2020 3 26 21 NO 6 Bothscientistsandeditorsshouldworkonasystemofreportingdatathisisuniform concise andreadilyunderstandable Todeterminehowtoorganizeresearchpapers scientistswillneedtorefertotheInstructionstoAuthorsoftheirtargetjournalandbearinmindthatwithoutpublication scienceisdead 2020 3 26 22 Furtherreading immersionincreased extendedtenure trackveteransautonomylabsflexibilityPilot 2020 3 26 23 E C 科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力 它一旦被提出 就应该立即得到认可 而不允许有任何可能的讨论 这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中 但是基本上不和情理 要知道 科学不是一种信条 也不是神灵向人类的揭示物 它是人类思维的产物 因此是可以讨论和修正的 科学绝无绝对真理 通常只有相对性 2020 3 26 24 E C 它以人的观察和经验为基础 对人类知识进行逻辑性的总结 然而人的观察和经验总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性 至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物 我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果 而忽略许多不符合我们自己 逻辑 的事实 这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事情 对此 我们非常得意 以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当做 自然规律 来对待 2020 3 26 25 C E Abranchofsciencedealswithaclassofthings thechangesinthemembersoftheclass andtherelationsbetweenthesemembers Thustheidealformofanaturalscienceisthesameasthatofmathematics TheobjectiveinanaturalscienceistodiscoverrelationswhichassertthatwhenaneventPispresentinasituation thentheeventQisalsopresent 2020 3 26 26 C E Asabranchofscienceadvancesfromadescriptiveandqualitativestagetoonewheretherelationscanbeexpressedinaquantitativeandexplanatorymanner thescienceassume