大三上学期英美概况government.ppt

GuidetoEnglish SpeakingCountries 英语国家概况 英语国家概况 TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland 英语国家概况 Whatis constitutionalmonarchy Whatis divinerightofkings PoliticalParties Constitution Government Election TheCommonwealth CONTENT Constitutionalmonarchy Britainisaconstitutionalmonarchy thatis amonarchyinwhichthesovereignhasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities Theothermajorformofmonarchyistheabsolutemonarchy inwhichthemonarchyisalsotheruler Theconstitutionalpositionissummedupinthefamousphrase TheQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule DivinerightofKings P38 Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe divinerightofkings ItisheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod notfromhissubjects Becauseofthisdivineright theactualexistenceofthemonarchyhasseldombeenquestioned Clue Monarchy theGreatCharter Parliament cabinet TheGreatCharta MagnaCarta KingJohn 1199 1216 thebadreputation RobinHood Johnascendedthethronein1199 Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice badrelationshipwiththepope In1215 KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchtograntthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalright Significance influenceonlegalsystemandhumanrightsmerchantsandcraftsmen forthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcetownspeople freedomoftradeandself governmentpartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday BeginningofParliament theGreatCouncil 大议会 CommonersappearedinthemeetingtheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons existtodayandcollectivelywecallthemtheParliament ThePuritansandCavaliers thePuritans freefarmers tradesmen artisans theCavaliers Catholicsandfeudallords TheCivilWar reason thedisputeoverthepowerofthekingvis vis P39 Thecivilwarbrokeout 1642 1649 BetweentheRoyalists theCavalier 保王党人 andParliamentarians Roundheads 圆颅党人 Result themonarchywasabolishedin1949Englandwasdeclaredacommonwealth i e arepublic TheCivilWar TheCommonwealth 1649 1660 Cromwell统治之下的英伦三岛共和国 Cromwell theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660 ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth TheCivilWar RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution Restoration 复辟 1661 CharlesII torestoretheoldsocialorder1685 JamesII toreestablishCatholicism GloriousRevolution1688 jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689 BillofRights limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy Constitution P41 I GreatBritain UK isaparliamentarydemocracywithaconstitutionalmonarchastheheadofstateBritishConstitutionismadeupof StatutoryLaw 成文法 CommonLaw 判例法 Conventions 习惯法 1 1StatutoryLawpassedbyParliamentexampletheMagnaCharta 1215 petitionofRights 1627 HabeasCorpusAct 1679 theBillofRights 1689 ActofSettlement 1701 theReformAct 1832 theEuropeanCommunitiesAct 1972 theEuropeanCommunities Amendment Act 1986 Constitution 1 2Commonlawdeducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges1 3Conventionsrulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally butareregardedasvitaltotheworkingofgovernment 1 Constitution Government 2 1TheLegislature 2 2TheExecutive 2 3TheJudiciary 2 1TheLegislature BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment Monarch non political Legislature Parliament Executive Judiciary non political HouseofCommons political HouseofLords semi political PrimeMinister Cabinet political Ministers Civilservice non political HouseofLords CourtofAppeal Compare BritishgovernmentvsAmericangovernment representativedemocracy unitarygovernmentwithafederalrepublicConstitutionalmonarchyNoformalwrittenwrittenconstitutionConstitutionHighlydisciplinedpoliticalundisciplinedpoliticalpartiesParties partycentered StrongcentralgovernmentweakcentralgovernmentWeakseparationpowersstrictseparationofpowersUK aunitarystatewithconstitutionalmonarchy Parliament Parliamentthelaw makingbodyofBritainoneoftheoldestrepresentativeassembliesintheworldStrictlyspeaking theparliamentconsistsoftheKingorQueen theHouseofLords 上议院 theHouseofCommons 下议院 QueenElizabethIIBorn April21 1926QueensinceJune2 1953QueenElizabethIIisa constitutionalmonarch Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister 2 1 2Queen BuckinghamPalace 2 1 2Queen QueenElizabethII 2 1 2Queen Shereignsbutdoesnotrule Theoretically sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers P42 anintegralpartofthelegislatureheadoftheexecutive executiveandjudiciarybranchesthecommander in chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown supremegovernor oftheChurchofEnglandMore Q WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave 2 1 2Queen Inreality herroleis ceremonial un politicalandsymbolic StateopeningoftheParliamentRoyalassenttonewlawMeetingwiththePrimeMinisteratBuckinghamPalacePaystatevisitstoCommonwealthcountriesasheadofstateandnon CommonwealthcountriesonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment 2 1 2Queen FromBuckinghamtoWestminster TheStateOpeningofParliamentWednesdayNovember26 2003 2 1 2Queen TheHouseofLords oftenreferredtoas theUpperHouse TheLordsSpiritual 上议院神职议员 archbishopsandprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland TheHouseofLordsintheearly19thcentury TheLordsTemporal 上议院世俗议员 hereditarypeersandlifepeersandtheLawLords TheUpperHouseReformsReducethenumberofseatsfrom705to666 Mar 1 2004 Finalcourtofappeal SupremeCourt TheHouseofLordsmeetsinalavishlydecoratedchamberinthePalaceofWestminster TheHouseofLords Nobility peer age hereditary life 1958 Duke Marquess Earl Count Viscount BaronLords Lady few patrilineallines Lord ChristianName FamilyName Lady ChristianName FamilyName Husband sfamilynameinsteadofherownaftermarriage Knight non peerage Sir 500 TheHouseofCommons Oftenreferredtoas theLowerHouse centerofparliamentarypower Threemajorfunctionstopasslaws billsandactsofParliamenttoscrutinize criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernmenttoinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy 646MembersofParliament knownas MPs forshort whorepresentthe646geographicalareas constituencies 2 1 4TheHouseofCommons ThePrimeMinister powerfulleaderheadofthegovernmenttheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliamentcontrolstheParliamentTheCabinetsupremedecision makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentCabinetmembersarechosenbythePrimeMinisterfrommembersofhisownpartyinParliament TheExecutive TheCabinetworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualministerialresponsibilityMinistersresponsiblefortheirparticulardepartment mostseniormembersaretheDeputyPrimeMinister ForeignSecretary ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary C