Lecture-6-English-Literature分析.ppt

Week6 BritishLiterature Goalsforthisunit HaveageneralunderstandingoftheEnglishliteraturehistoryGettoknowdifferentstagesofEnglishliteratureCometoknowtheimportantfiguresandtheirworksatdifferenttimes ThedevelopmentofEnglish Englishliteraturebeginsaround8thcenturyinalanguagethatfewtodaywouldrecognizeasEnglish calledOldEnglishorAnglo Saxon itwasthelanguageofEnglandforalongtimebeforeA D 1066 GraduallyOldEnglishchangedintoMiddleEnglish thelanguageinwhichChaucer sworksarewritten Itisstrangeandrequiresspecialstudyforfullunderstanding BythetimeofQueenElizabethI sreign 1558 1603 Englishwasbasicallyasitistoday IntheworksofShakespeareandlaterintheKingJamesVersionoftheBible Englishreacheditspeakofpurityandbeauty Englishliterature 450 1066OldEnglish orAnglo Saxon Period1066 1500MiddleEnglish orMedieval Period16thcentury1500 1660theRenaissance1558 1603ElizabethanAge17thcentury18thcentury1660 1785theNeoclassicalPeriod19thcentury1798 1832RomanticPeriod1832 1901VictorianAge20thcentury 一战后modernism 二战后postmodernism TheperiodofOldEnglishliteraturerefersto A449 1066B14thcentury mid17thcenturyC449 1660D16thcentury mid18thcentury OldEnglish orAnglo Saxon period KeywordsEpicBeowulf Epic 史诗 Anextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage celebratingthefeatsofalegendaryortraditionalhero 史诗 用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗 歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩 Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsdoesnotrefertoepic AalongversenarrativeBonaserioussubjectCtoldinaninformalstyleDcenteredonaheroicorquasi divinefigure OldEnglishLiterature ThestudyofEnglishLiteratureusuallybeginswiththeAnglo SaxonepicpoemBeowulf Fromthenamesofhistoricalpersonsmentioned wecanplacethetimeofitsstoryaroundthe6thcentury epicn 史诗 叙事诗Beowulfn 贝奥武夫 有记载的最早一部英国文学作品 ThenationalepicoftheAnglo Saxonsis ARobinHoodBSirGawainandtheGreenKnightCTheCanterburyTalesDBeowulf Beowulf简介 全诗内容分为两部分 第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王 KingHrothgurs 宏伟的宫殿 在前后十二年中 半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴 Grendel 每晚出没捉食霍格的战士 此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹 Geats 王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访 协助除害 国王当晚设宴款待 熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现 捉食一名济兹战士 贝奥武夫与之格斗 贝氏扭断其臂 妖怪落荒而逃 因受重伤致死 第二天晚上 格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇 其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死 第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国 被拥为王 前后五十年 举国大治 最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年 杀一喷火巨龙 但其个人亦因而身受重创 终於身死 ThesceneofBeowulfisnotEnglandbutDenmark BeowulfisaChristianepic it sherokingstandsforChristianvirtues Heliveshislifeandgoestodeathindevotedservicetootherpeople ReferencestoBiblicalstoriesarefrequentinBeowulf andGrendelissaidtobedescendedfromCain thefirstmurderer TherootsofEnglishLiteratureliedeepinthetalesofDenmarkandotherScandinaviancountries Formanyyears theirVikingraiderssweptintoBritain TheDane sgripuponEnglandwasnotbrokenuntilthetimeofAlfredtheGreat lateinthe9thcentury ItistheonlyMonarch Englandhashonoredas theGreat AfoundationstoneofEnglishhistoryistheAnglo SaxonChronicle TheChroniclegivestheeventsofEnglishhistoryfromtheRomaninvasionofBritainin54B C tothemiddleofthe12thcentury ItwasbegunbyAlfred 1066 1500MiddleEnglishPeriod KeywordsChaucerTheCanterburyTales heroiccouplet Chaucer theMaster ByfarthegreatestnameinMiddleEnglishliteratureisthatofGeoffreyChaucer 1340 1400 Thispoetwasalsoanexperiencedmanoftheworld Heenjoyedthefavorofthreekings EdwardIII RichardII andHenryIV andheldmanyresponsiblepostsingovernment InhisyouthheservedintheFrenchwarsandwastakenprisoner HisdutiesfortheCrowntookhimtoItaly whichwasasourceformanyofhislatertales Hewasahungryreader andaproductivepoetofsuchmeritthatheisnamedinthattrioofEnglishpoetrygiants Chaucer Shakespeare andMilton 杰弗雷 乔叟 约1343 1400 诗人 做过宫廷侍童 后参加对法作战时被俘 翌年由国王赎回 后与王后寝宫的女官结婚 此后多次代表爱德华三世出使欧洲大陆 遇见过薄伽丘与彼特拉克 这对他的文学创作产生了很大的影响 乔叟在失宠期间 被剥夺了官位和年金 经济拮据 他曾写过打油诗 致空囊 给刚登基的亨利四世 申诉自己的贫穷 1400年乔叟逝世 安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的 诗人之角 Poet sCorner 他也是第一位葬于此的诗人 坎特伯雷故事集 是英国作家乔叟的小说 作品描写一群香客聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里 准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣 店主人建议香客们在往返途中各讲两个故事 看谁讲的最好 故事集包括了23个故事 其中最精彩的故事有 骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事 巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事 卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事 教士讲的动物寓言故事 商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事 农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事 作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活 揭露了教会的腐败 教士的贪婪和伪善 谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义 肯定了世俗的爱情生活 坎特伯雷故事集 的艺术成就很高 远远超过了以前同时代的英国文学作品 是英国文学史上现实主义的第一部典范 TheCanterburyTaleswasoriginallywritteninHeroicCouplet WhatisHeroicCouplet Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体 IthappenedinthatseasonthatonedayInSouthwark attheTabard asIlayReadytogoonpilgrimageandstartForCanterbury mostdevoutatheart AtnighttherecameintothathostelrySomenineandtwentyinacompanyOfsundryfolkhappeningthentofallInfellowship andtheywerepilgrimsall 坎特伯雷故事集 中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成 对后来的英国文学产生了影响 人物形象鲜明 语言生动活泼 乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作 也为英国文学语言奠定了基础 他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用 因而乔叟被誉为 英国诗歌之父 Chaucer scontributions FatherofEnglishpoetry1 IntroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetry2 wrotehismasterpieceTheCanterburyTalesinhisnativelanguage thusgreatlycontributedtothefoundingoftheEnglishlanguage ItisGeoffreyChauceralonewho forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife 16thcentury 1500 1660theRenaissance1558 1603ElizabethanAgeInthelongreignofElizabethI Englandbecametheleadingseapower ItsentexplorerstomakesettlementsintheNewWorldoftheAmericas Itexperiencedaburstofideasandliterarybrillianceofthefirstorder WhenwasElizabethIcametothethroneofEngland A 1538 B 1548 C 1568 D 1558 Renaissance aculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury Asaculturalmovement itencompassedarevivaloflearningbasedonclassicalsources thedevelopmentoflinearperspectiveinpainting andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform FiguresinEnglishRenaissance ThomasMore 1478 1535 Utopia1516SirThomasWyatt 1503 1542 FrancisBacon 1561 1626 theEssaysWilliamShakespeare 1564 1616 Alltheworld sastage Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers 16thcentury Earlyinthecentury SirThomasMore 1478 1535 wrotearemarkablebook Utopia It stitlecomesfromtheGreekwordmeaning nowhere IttellsofajourneytoanimaginaryislandnamedUtopia whereanidealformofsocietyexists FromPlatotomoderntimescertainwritershavecreatedimaginaryperfectsocieties More sbookhasplacedawordinourvocabulariesandgiventhenametoallliteratureofthiskind whichhassincebeencalledUtopian Inthe16thcentury ThomasMore swork becameimmediatelypopularafteritspublication AParadiseLostBAPleasantSatireoftheThreeEstates SirDavidLyndsay 16世纪苏格兰诗人 COfBeautyDUtopia Amongthepre Elizabethanpoetsofthiscentury SirThomasWyatt 1503 42 withtheEarlofSurrey 1517 47 establishedthesonnet a14 linepoem asanEnglishverseform ItwasadoptedfromanItaliantraditionbutbecameamajorforminallEnglishpoetrythatfollowed ThomasWyatt wai t 托马斯 怀亚特EarlofSurrey s ri 萨利伯爵Sonnet s nit 十四行诗 Shakespeare splays Shakespeare splaysfallintocategoriesorclasses Heexcelledineachkind ThetragediesincludeRomeoandJuliet Hamlet Othello KingLear andMacbeth AmongthecomediesareThetamingoftheShrew 驯悍记 AMidsummerNight sDream AsYouLikeIt 皆大欢喜 TwelfthNight 第十二夜 andTheTempest Shakespeare schronicleplaysbasedonEnglishhistory includesuchmasterworksasRichardIII RichardII HenryIVpartsIandII andHenryV JuliusCaesar 凯撒大帝 andAntonyandCleopatra 安东尼和克利奥帕特拉 areoutstandingtragediesonclassicalthemes Othello u el u 奥赛罗KingLear 李尔王Macbeth m k be 麦克白 ThefourgreattragedieswrittenbyShakespeareareHamlet Macbeth Othelloand A AnthonyandCleopatraB JuliusCaesarCTwelfthNightDKingLear WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtoShakespeare sromanticlovecomedies ATwelfthNightBAntonyandCleopatraCAsYouLikeIt 皆大欢喜 DTheMerchantofVenice 17thcentury KeywordsTheKingJamesBibleFrancisBaconJohnMiltonJohnBunyan 17thCentury TheKingJamesBibleApermanentmonumentofEnglishliterarystylecommemoratesJames name HeorderedthetranslationoftheHolyScripturesknownastheKingJamesBible 1611 FormanygenerationsitexertedagreaterinfluenceonstyleandstandardsoftastethananyothersingleworkinEnglish Commemorate k mem reit 纪念HolyScriptures圣经 FrancisBacon培根于1561年出生于伦敦 是伊丽莎白一世手下一位高级政府官员的次子 其父是掌玺大臣 培根是父亲第二位妻子的最小儿子 十二岁进入剑桥大学 攻读神学 三年后中途辍学 未获得学位 培根十八岁时 他的父亲猝死 未给他留下什么钱财 因此他开始攻读法律 二十一岁时找到一个律师的职业 1602年 伊丽莎白去世 詹姆士一世继位 由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并 受到詹姆士的大力赞赏 培根因此平步青云 曾被任命为枢密院顾问 掌玺大臣 英格兰的大法官 授封为男爵 子爵 1621年 培根被国会指控贪污受贿 被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅 监禁于伦敦塔内 终生逐出宫廷 不得任议员和官职 虽然后来罚金和监禁皆被豁免 但培根却因此而身败名裂 从此培根不理政事 开始专心从事理论著述 1626年3月底 培根坐车经守伦敦北郊 当时他正在潜心研究冷热理论 当路过一片雪地时 他突然想作一次实验 他宰了一只鸡 把雪填进鸡肚 以便观察冷冻在防腐上的作用 但由于他身体孱弱 经受不住风寒的侵袭 支气管炎复发 病情恶化 于1626年4月9日清晨病逝 EssaysandOtherProse TheEssaysofFrancisBaconmadepopularinEnglishaliteraryformwidelypracticedafterward BaconwasapublicfigureandstatesmanofimportanceunderbothElizabethandJames risingtothehighpostoflordchancellor Itisthemostinformalandcasualofhisworks theEssays thatisreadmostoften Essay 随笔 小品文 Prose 包括诗歌以外的一切非韵文体裁 诸如小说 戏剧 日记 书信 游记等等FrancisBacon fra nsis beik n 弗朗西斯 培根lordchancellor 大法官兼上议院议长 FrancisBaconisbestknownforhiswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform A essaysB poemsC worksDplays JohnMilton 1608 1674 thegreatestpoetofthe17thcenturythegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespearethemostimportanttransitionalpoetofthetime humanistideals Puritanmoralsclassic revolutionaryMasterpieceParadiseLostParadiseRegained SamsonAgonistes JohnBunyan 约翰 班扬 约翰 班扬 JohnBunyan 1628 1688 和莎士比亚齐名 天路历程 被称为 具有永恒意义的百科全书 是英国文学史上里程碑式的篇章 是除了 圣经 之外流传最广 翻译文字最多的书籍 许多文学史家将他和莎士比亚 米尔顿相提并论 把 天路历程 与但丁的 神曲 奥古斯丁的 忏悔录 并列为世界三大宗教体文学杰作 班扬也被公认为英国通俗文学的鼻祖 Themostfamousreligiousallegory usuallycalledsimplyPilgrim sProgress describesadream Christian thepilgrim fleesfromtheCityofDestruction Heencountersmanydifficulties dangers andtemptationsinsuchplacesastheSloughofDespond 绝境 DoubtingCastleoftheGiantDespair andVanityFair 名利场 WhiletravelinghemeetssuchpersonsasMr Worldly Wiseman Faithful andGood will AtlasthereachestheCelestialCity 天国 AsecondpartofPilgrim sprogressdescribesthelaterjourneyofChristian swifeandchildren JohnBunyan 1628 1688 Pilgrim sProgress allegory 天路历程 宗教寓言故事 书中流传下来的词汇 揭丑人 muckraker 市井圣人 worldly wiseman 名利场 VanityFair 失望泥沼 thesloughofdespond 耻辱山谷 thevalleyofhumiliation 18thcentury Keywords JonathanSwiftAlexanderPopeSamuelJohnsonRobertBurns WilliamBlakesDanielDefoe TheEnlightenment TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu andsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceanditspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas Theenlightenerscelebratedreason equality scienceandadvocateduniversaleducation FamousEnglishenlightenersareThomasHobbes JohnLocke EdwardHerbert AlexanderPope etc JonathanSwift1667 1745 AModestProposal TheTaleofTub Gulliver sTravels1726The1stvoyageistoLilliput thelandoftinypeople The2ndtoBrobdingnag thelandofGiants Ittouchesveryvice folly andmereweaknessofmankind Init4thpart thehumanrace representedbyfilthycreaturescalledYahoos 人形兽 isknownasinferiortoanoblebreedofthinking talking high mindedhorsesknownasHouyhnhnms InthefirstpartofGulliver sTravels GullivertoldhisexperienceinA LilliputB BrobdingnagC HouyhnhnmD EnglandInwhichnovelcan Yahoo befound AJohnBunyan sPilgrim sProgressBJonathanSwift sGulliver sTravels QuotesfromAlexanderPope 1688 1744 Charmsstrikethesight butmeritwinsthesoul Toerrishuman toforgive divine Alittlelearningisadangerousthing Drinkdeep ortastenotthePierian 谬斯女神的 spring Readmore SamuelJohnson字典编纂家 文学评论家hecompliedthefirstdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguageonhistoricalprinciples hewasthesubjectofBoswell sincomparablebiography heleftusanunparalleledseriesofbiographicalprefacestotheEnglishpoets WhyisSamuelJohnsoncalled dictionaryJohnson AbecauseheknowsalotmorethanotherwritersinwordsBbecauseheoftenconsultsanencyclopediawhilewriting CbecauseheisamasterofEnglishlanguageDbecauseheistheauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionary DanielDefoe1661 1731RobinsonCrusoe 1719MollFlanders 1722AJournalofthePlagueYear Pre romanticism WilliamBlakeSongsofinnocenceSongsofexperienceRobertBurnsARed RedRoseAuldLangSyne AuldLangSyne waswrittenbytheauthorof AARed RedRoseBTiger 19thcentury 1798 1832RomanticPeriod1832 1901VictorianAge Lakepoets WilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridge Otherromanticpoets Threemanbroughttheromanticmovementtoitsheight GeorgeGordonByron 1788 1824 JohnKeats 1795 1821 PercyByssheShelley 1792 1822 GeorgeGordonByronwasmostfamousfor ADonJuanBOdetothewestwindCKublakhanDOdetoanightingalePrometheusunboundwaswrittenby whoalsowrote AGeorgeGordonByron ChildeHerald sPilgrimageBPercyByssheShelley OdetoanightingaleCGeorgeGordonByron OdetowestwindDPercyByssheShelley Odetowestwind novelistsinromanticperiod JaneAustenBelongedchronologicallytotheromanticrevival butshewasstillchieflyinfluencedbyneoclassicalformsinherownapproachtofiction Shedevelopedpsychologicalnovelofmanners SirWalterScottThefirstgreatpan Europeannovelistandpoet Threeoffourfamiliesinacountryvillageissomethingtowork Thisstatementwaspresentedby AEmilyBronteBJaneAustenCMrs GaskellDGeorgeEliot奥斯丁通过对熟悉的人和事物的描写展示了她所生活的英国乡绅阶层的生活景观 她认为 一个乡村中的三四户人家是合适的写作对象 WalterScott shistoricalnovelscoveralongperiodoftime fromtheMiddleAgesto18thcentury HisworkIvanhoedealsanepochof history AEnglishBFrenchCScotlandDIrish司各特的历史小说通常被分为三类 以苏格兰历史为背景的小说有 罗布 罗伊 RobRoy 以英国历史为背景的小说有 艾凡赫 Ivanhoe 以欧洲其他国家历史为背景的小说有 昆丁 达威特 QuentinDurward 1832 1901theVictorianPeriod CharlesDickensTheBrontesWilliamMakepeaceThackeray Hisworkattractedmoreadmirationinhisowndaythanitgenerallydoesinours GeorgeEliot worksthatwerelong morallyawarebutagrippingread bothemotionallyfrankandintellectuallyrigorous andpresentedinastyleofcontrolledelegance AfterAdamBede wroteTheMillontheFlossandSilasMarnerinwhichmoralproblemsarediscussedandpsychologicalanalysisofcharactersareemphasized AGeorgeEliotBJaneAustinCCharlesDickensDCharlotteBronte WhichofthefollowingwritingisnottheworkbyCharlesDickens A ATaleofTwoCitiesB HardTimesC OliverTwistD SonsandLovers 19世纪后期的作家 OscarWildeLadyWindermere sFan 1892 AnIdealHusband 1895 RobertLouisStevenson TreasureIslandLewisCarrollAlice sAdventureintheWonderworldThomasHardyTessoftheD Urbervilles The20thcentury Keyfigures WilliamButlerYeatsJosephConradJohnGalsworthyD H LawrenceJamesJoyceVirginiaWoolfE M ForsterGeorgeBernardShaw poetry WilliamButlerYeats anIrishpoetanddramatistandoneoftheforemostfiguresof20thcenturyliterature In1923 hewasawardedaNobelPrizeinLiterature WhenYouareOldSailingtoByzantiumTheIsleofInnisfree TheLakeIsleofInnisfreebyW B Yeats Iwillariseandgonow andgotoInnisfree Andasmallcabinbuildthere ofclayandwattlesmade Ninebean rowswillIhavethere ahivefo