词汇学之6种构词法.ppt

英语词汇学课程 构词法 I Generalintroduction Affixation 30 40 Compounding 28 30 Conversion 26 Themostproductivemethods Shortening 8 10 Blending1 5 clipping acronymy Backformation Soundreduplication 4 1Affixation derivation Affixationfallsintotwocategories prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes Classificationofprefixes Themajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀 1 Negativeprefixes 1 un 1 Negativeprefixes 2 non 1 Negativeprefixes 3 dis 1 Negativeprefixes 2 Reversativeprefixes 1 un 2 Reversativeprefixes 2 de 2Reversativeprefixes 3 dis 2 Reversativeprefixes 3 Pejorativeprefixes 1 mis 3 Pejorativeprefixes 2 mal 3 Pejorativeprefixes 3 pseudo 3 Pejorativeprefixes 4 Prefixesofdegreeorsize 1 arch 4 Prefixesofdegreeorsize 2 super 4 Prefixesofdegreeorsize 3 out 4 Prefixesofdegreeorsize 5 Prefixesofattitude 1 co 5 Prefixesofattitude 2 counter 5 Prefixesofattitude 3 anti 5 Prefixesofattitude 6 Locativeprefixes 1 sub 6 locativeprefixes 2 inter 6 locativeprefixes 3 trans 6 locativeprefixes 7 Prefixesoftimeandorder 1 fore 7 Prefixesoftimeandorder 2 pre 7 Prefixesoftimeandorder 3 post 7 Prefixesoftimeandorder 8 Numberprefixes 1 semi hemi 8 Numberprefixes 2 uni mono 8 Numberprefixes 3 bi di 8 Numberprefixes 8 Numberprefixes 9 Conversionprefixes 1 a 9 Conversionprefixes 2 be Beforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend tobehaveasafriendto becloud tocoverwithclouds使遮暗 蒙蔽 benumb Tomakenumb especiallybycold Tomakeinactive dull 使失去知觉 使失去活力 使迟钝 belittlebecalm Tomakecalmorstill soothe 使平静 成为安静的或静止的 使镇静 Withnounsplus edtoyieldadjectivesbespectacled Wearingeyeglasses Benighted Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗 Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness unenlightened 蒙昧的 处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的 未启蒙的 9 Conversionprefixes 3 en en embeforep b m Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs 使成为使处于 状态Beforenouns enslave causetobe empower v 授权 embody v 体现 endanger V 使处于危险之中 Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保 9 Conversionprefixes 10 Miscellaneousprefixes 1 auto 10 Miscellaneousprefixes 2 neo 2 Suffixation Question Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase Prefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasis Typesofsuffixes NounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixes Nounsuffixes De nominalnounsuffixesDe verbalnounsuffixesDe adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixes De nominalNounsuffixes 1 ster Involvedin De nominalNounsuffixes 2 eer Skilledin engagedin De nominalNounsuffixes 3 ful De verbalNounsuffixes 1 ant Occupationandparticipation De verbalNounsuffixes 2 ing De adjectiveNounsuffixes 1 ness De adjectiveNounsuffixes 2 ity De adjectiveNounsuffixes 2 ity Nounandadjectivesuffixes Somesuffixes whenaddedtobasesrelatedtohumanbeingsornationalitynames yieldwordsthatcanbeusedbothasnounsandadjectives ese Chinese Lebanese officialese an ian Australian Cambodian ist racist socialist ite Chomskyite Thatcherite 1 1Nounsuffixes 1 1Nounsuffixes Verbsuffixes 1 ify make endowwith Verbsuffixes 2 ize involvingorrelatedto Verbsuffixes 4 ate Giveormakeorbecome Adjectivesuffixes De nominaladjectivesuffixesDe verbaladjectivesuffixes De nominalAdjectivesuffixes 1 like De nominalAdjectivesuffixes 2 less De nominalAdjectivesuffixes 4 y De verbalAdjectivesuffixes 1 able ible De verbalAdjectivesuffixes 2 ful AdjectiveSuffixes AdjectiveSuffixes AdjectiveSuffixes Adverbsuffixes 1 ly Adverbsuffixes 2 ward s AdverbSuffixes 4 2Compounding复合法 ThedefinitionofcompoundingandcompoundCompositionorcompoundingisaword formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit acompoundword ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding Compounding 2 FormsofcompoundsSolid bedtime honeymoonHyphenated above mentioned town planningOpen readingmaterial hotline Compounding 3 FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion nickname first nameThroughbackformation lip readingtolip readchain smokertochain smoke Compounding NouncompoundsHeadache housekeeping hotline swimmingpool raindrop breakdown biologicalclock identitycrisis Compounding AdjectivecompoundsWeather beatenrocks peacelovingpeople everlastingfriendship adifficult to operatemachine amade upstory anonthespotinspection taxfreeproducts fire proofdress Compounding VerbcompoundsFormedbyback formationhouse keepfromhousekeeperwindowshopfromwindow shoppingmassproducefrommassproductionhen peckfromhen peckedspoon feedfromspoon fed Compounding VerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue print tocold shoulder tooutline tohoneymoon tosnowball tochain smoke tosweet talk tojob hop 4 3Conversion转化法 Question Whatisconversion Whyisitcalledzero derivation Conversionisaword formationwherebyawordofacertainword classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix Itisalsocalledzeroderivation 零位派生 changeofword class functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffix TypesofConversion ConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns adjectivesandverbs amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive 4 3 1Conversiontonouns De verbalDe adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion 1 Deverbal 由动词转化而来的名词 Almostallmonomorphemic 单语素结构的 verbscanbeusedasnouns whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways State ofmindorsensation doubt want desire Eventoractivity search laugh teach in Resultoftheaction catch find answer Doeroftheaction help cheat bore Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith cover wrap Placeoftheaction pass walk divide 2 De adjectival由形容词转化成的名词 Fullconversion完全转换 Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor e stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber Adjective nounconversion CompleteconversionAnative twonatives areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob Tomisoneofourregulars hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy butappropriatelypassionate Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment Partialconversion部分转换Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures Thegradableadjectivescankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees Wordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind Adjective nounconversion PartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson thedeaf theblind thepoor thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation endingin sh se ch theEnglish theChinese theDanish theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract astrongdislikeforthesentimental todistinguishthefalseandthetrue fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson convertedfromparticiples theaccused thedeceased thedeserted thecondemned 3 Miscellaneousconversion其他类型的转换 Nounsconvertedfromotherclassesasconjunctions modals finiteverbs prepositions etc Conversiontoverbs Theuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid ThreekindsofconversiontoverbsDenominal topocketthemoney thenursethebabyDe adjectival Thephotographyellowedwithage Miscellaneousconversion Thestudentstut tuttheidea Conversiontoadjectives Itoccursmostlybetweennounsandadjectives 英语词汇学课程 构词法 4 4Blending4 5Backformation4 6Shortening 4 4Blending ThedefinitionofblendingBlending 拼缀法 isaprocessofword formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes Blending Examplesnewscast news broadcast brunch breakfast lunch smog smoke fog talkathon talk marathon slimnastics slim gymnastics videophone video telephone 4 4Blending sci fihi fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawk science fictionhigh fidelitywork alcoholicstagnation inflationUnited Communicationssituation comedymotor hoteldove hawk 4 5Backformation ThedefinitionofbackformationBack formation 逆成法 isaprocessofword formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix Itisalsoknownasareversederivation 4 5Backformation Exampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep walkfromsleep walking 4 6Shortening Typesofshorteningorabbreviation 缩略法 1 clippedwords 剪切词 thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword usuallyanoun leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal 4 6Shortening Typesofshorteningorabbreviation 缩略法 2 initialisms 首字母连写词 atypeofshortening usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername atechnicalterm oraphrase aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter 4 6Shortening Typesofshorteningorabbreviation 缩略法 3 acronyms 首字母拼音词 wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters 4 6Shortening 1 Clippedwordsad advertisementexpo expositionphone telephonepro professionalmemo memorandumtec detectiveheliorcopter helicoptercomfy comfortable 4 6Shortening Giveclippingsforthefollowingwor