Lesson3-Land-Resources-Supply-and-Demand.ppt

LandResourcesSupplyandDemand Discussionsofthe adequacy适当度 妥善性ofourlandresourcebasecallforfrequentuseofthetermssupplyanddemand Likemanyothertermsusedbyeconomists thesewordsdodoubleduty有双重用途inthesense就意义而言thattheyhavemorethanonemeaning Economistsfrequentlyspeakofthetermsupplyas把 说成thescheduleofamountsofagoodorservice sellerswillofferonthemarket atdifferentpricesduringagiventimeperiod allotherfactorsbeingequal Insimilarfashion thetermdemandisusedtodescribethescheduleofamountsofacommodity buyersarewillingtopurchase atallpossiblepricesduringagiventimeperiod allotherfactorsbeingequal Thesespecializedconceptshavetheirplace有特定的位置或作用in rigorouseconomicanalysis 1However economistsoftenrevertto恢复thepopularusageoftheseterms 1 whentheytalkgenerallyaboutamountsofgoodsorresourcesratherthanspe cificsupplyordemandschedules and 2 whentheyareconcernedwithsupplyordemandconditions overtime or inperiodsduringwhichotherrelevantconditionsmaychange Throughoutourdiscussion wewillfollow遵循 采纳popularusage通俗用法 inspeakingofsupplyasthequantityofgoodsorresources availableforuse可用于使用的 andofdemandastheamountsofacommodity peoplewantandarewillingtobuy 2 Whenwespeakofthephysicalsupplyofland weareconcernedwiththephysicalexistenceofresources Thisconceptcanbeappliedtoparticularresources suchasthephysicalsupplyofmineralfuelsortheareaswithselectedsoiltypes Itcanalsobeappliedto应用于areaunits aswhenwespeakofthesumtotalofthelandresources foundin在某地被发现individualownership个人所有制units counties nations ortheentireworld Theeconomicsupplyoflandinvolvesonlythatportionofthetotalphysicalsupply thatpeoplewantanduse 3 Landbecomesaresourceinaneconomicandtechnicalsense whenpeoplebegintouseit competewithothersforitsuseorcontrol putapriceorvalueonit orindicatewillingnesstoundertakethecosts associatedwithitsdevelopment Theeconomicsupplyoflandisseldomfixed Itisresponsivetopriceanddemandfactors 4Newtechnologyandnewdemandscangivevaluestoareasandphysicalmaterials thathadlittleornoeconomicvaluebefore Withchangingdemands theeconomicsupplyoflandforanyusecanexpand扩张 andsometimescontract收缩 andislimitedonlybythetotalphysicalsupplyofland thatcanbemadeavailableforthatuse Theconceptofdemandisanalogousto类似于thatofsupply Asaphysicalconcept demandisassociatedwithdesires needs基本需要 andwants欲求forcommoditiesandservices 空气 水 食物和居所 属于Needs 也就是基本需要 没有它们 就无法生存的 而玩具 娱乐 享受 教育等 是Wants 就是其他需要 有了它们就如锦上添花 但没有它们 人还是能活下去的 Resourcerequirements theamountsneededtoprovideaveragediets普通食物 housingfacilities oreducationorrecreationopportunitiesofagivenlevelofadequacy representameasureofphysicaldemand Thisconcept资源的自然需求的概念canprovideguidelines指导方针 准则forprogramplanning计划设计 项目规划andpublicpolicybuthaslimitedvalueineconomicanalysis 5 Itiseconomiceffectivedemand有效需求 thewillingnessandabilityofpeopletobuy notthemere纯粹 仅仅的existenceofunsatisfied未得到满足的needsordesiresforlandproductsthatinfluencesthedeterminationofpricesandthemovementofproductsinthemarket 6 Mostdemandforlandresourcesinvolvesaderivedtype派生类型ofdemand引致需求 Everyonedemandsproductsofland butourdemandsaredirectedmoreatthequartofmilk poundofrice barrelofoil ortonofsteelthanattheland fromwhichtheseproductsultimatelycome 房产Deriveddemandsarereflectedback反射 真实地反映throughaseriesofstepstodemandsforlanditself 7 引致需求反映的是通过一系列的需求过程才到达对土地本身的需求 Mostoperatorsseeownershipasmeanstoanend达到目的的手段 Theymayhavesentimental多愁善感的 感情脆弱的attachmentsto情系于givenparcelsofrealestate buttheyareusuallymoreinterestedinthepotentialvalues associatedwithitproductivity location scenery orabilitytogeneratesatisfactions thanwiththelanditself Interactionofsupplyanddemand Thoughsupplyanddemandareoftentreatedasseparatefactors theynormallyoperateincloseconjunctionwitheachother相互紧密结合 Itistheinteractionofthesefactorsthatgivesustheconceptofamarket 强调句型Underfreemarketconditions itisthisinteractionthatsetsthemarketprice atwhichproductssell 8 Thissituationisillustratedbythemodel depictedinFigure1 9 ThesupplycurveSS representsascheduleoftheincreasingquantitiesofaproduct sellerwouldofferinthemarketatagiventimeataseriesofrisingpricelevels 9 供给曲线SS 代表了 在一定的时间内和一系列不断上涨的价格水平下 销售者愿意提供给市场的产品数量不断增加的进度表 ThedemandcurveDD inturnrepresentsthescheduleofincreasingquantitiesoftheproduct buyerswouldtake接受inthesamemarketatthesametimeataseriesofdecreasingprices Withthesesupplyanddemandschedules theonlypossibleequilibriumpriceoccursatP thepointofintersection交叉点betweenSS andDD Atthisprice thequantityofproduct offered andthequantity buyersarewillingtopurchase areequal 10 IfthepriceweresetatahigherpointsuchasP sellerswouldbewillingtosupplyalargerquantityofproduct butsomebuyerswouldtakelessandsomewoulddropoutofthemarket WithalowerpricesuchasP thereversesituationwouldhold QuantityofproductsuppliedandpurchasedFigure1 9Interactionofsupplyanddemandfactorsindeterminingmarketpriceunderfreemarketpricesandfreemarketconditions Underrealmarketconditions supplyanddemandfactorstendtofollow遵循themodeloftheperfectmarket Vari ations变化o ccur withdifferencesinthe elas ticityofsupplyordemand Asupplyordemandissaidtobee lasticwhenagivenchangeinpriceresultsinamorethanproportionatechangeinthequantityofproductsuppliedorpurchased 房地产商品的供给和需求是有价格弹性的 收入弹性 汽车 Whenagivenpricechangeresultsinlessthanapro portionatechangeinquantitysuppliedorpurchased thesupplyordemandis ine lastic 如食盐的需求是缺乏弹性的 WiththeexampledepictedinFigure1 9 thesupplywouldbeelasticif circumstancesrequiredadrawingoftheSS supplylineatalowerangle whereasitwouldbeinelasticifSS rosetoasteeperangle Theseconceptsaremostmeaningful whenappliedtoproductssuchaswheat coal orofficespace thatareboughta